Types of Disabilities Flashcards by David Farkas

Define Blindness

Sightlessness or loss of vision. May refer to partial blindness

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Causes of Blindess

Diabetes
Macular Degeneration
Glaucoma
Accidents or traumatic injury
Stroke
Retinis Pigmentosa

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What is the Legal Definition of Blindness used for?

To determine eligibility in programs

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What is the Legal Definition of Blindness in the U.S.?

A person with a visual acuity of 20/200 with corrective lenses or has a field of vision 20 degrees in the eye with better vision

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How do screen readers work for visually impaired?

Convert text into spoken words

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How can visually impaired people be supported with digital or electronic interfaces?

A Screen readers
B Self-voicing interfaces
C Refreshable braille
D None of the Above
E All of the Above

E All of the Above

Screen readers
Self-voicing interfaces
Refreshable braille

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How can visually impaired people be supported with screen content when screen readers were not optimized?

A They cannot be. Without optimization content is not accessible
B Ensure markup is compatible with assistive tech
C Rely on external assistive technology

B Ensure markup is compatible with assistive tech

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How can visually impaired people be supported with walking?

Canes
Service animals
GPS instructions
Raised tiles on ground to indicate edges / danger
Eliminate low-hanging architectural features that may be an obstacle
Clear pathways

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How can visually impaired people be supported with signs on buildings that they may not see?

Map and geolocation support on phone
Braille labels and descriptions
Tactile models

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How can visually impaired people be supported with controls on flat devices such as microwaves?

Alternative interfaces
Audio interfaces
Remote control through mobile applications

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How can visually impaired people be supported with the inability to read money to determine its value

Applications to photograph money and read value
Different size and shapes for different values
Non-cash payment options

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How can visually impaired people be supported with reading books and printed materials

OCR

Online content that is accessible through assistive technology

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Define Low Vision

Can see, but far from perfect even with corrective lenses. Broad category of conditions and impairments

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How does Screen Magnification impact those with Low Vision?

Zoom Text or MAGic tools allow magnifying parts of the screen

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How do Screen Readers impact those with Low Vision?

Often thought of for blind, but support low vision too, making visuals easier to understand

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How does Color Customization impact those with Low Vision?

Some contrast ratios are difficult to distinguish and color alone should not be used to communicate information.

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Define Color Blindness

Refers to inability to distinguish between certain kinds of colors

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What are the most prevalent form of color blindness?

Red-Green color blindness

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Define Deuteranopia and Protanopia

Two common sub types of red-green color blindness

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Define Tritanopia

Blue-yellow color blindness

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Define Achromatopsia

Insensitivity to all colors, seeing in grayscale

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Define Deafblindness

If a person is both deaf and blind

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Define Auditory Disabilities

Involve hearing impairment, hearing loss, and deafness

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Define Central Auditory Processing Disorder (ADP)

Results in difficulty processing sounds or speech. No measurable hearing loss but difficulty interpreting, organizing, or analyzing what is heard.
May be confused with ADHD, learning disabilities, emotional delays

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Distinguish between Deafness and Deaf Culture

deaf, lowercase d, is the condition of deafness Deaf, capital D, refers to Deaf Culture, or the community

How can Web Accessibility support deafness?

Provide synchronize video captions plus a transcript on video

Define Mobility Disabilities

Affect person's ability to move independently and purposely such as missing limbs, MS, cerebral palsy, stroke, paralysis, arthritis

What percentage of adults in US have a mobility disability? ``` A < 2.5 % of adults B 3.5% of adults C 4% of adults D 8.5% of adults E 10-12% of adults ```

3.5% of adults

What percentage of children across the world have ADHD, impacting fine motor control? ``` A < 3% B 3-7% of children worldwide C 8-11% of children worldwide D 12-18% of children worldwide E 19-24% of children worldwide ```

B 3-7% of children worldwide

What are some examples of body structure impacting ability?

Body size, shape, stature, proportions, dwarfism, rheumatoid arthritis, acromegaly (increased bone size), obesity

What percentage of the world's population has rheumatoid arthritis? ``` A 1% B 3-5% C 7-10% D 12% E 14-17% ```

A 1%

What percentage of the world's population have obesity? ``` A < 10% B 15-25 % C 30-32% D 39-40% E 48-51% ```

D 39-40%

What are some assistive technologies for those with motor disabilities with regards to computers?

Vertical keyboard and mouth stick One handed keyboard Expanded keyboard with raised sections Speech recognition

What are the common causes of Cognitive Disabilites?

Congenital conditions, development conditions, traumatic injury, infections, chemical imbalances

What are common challenges for Web Accessibility regarding those with Cognitive Disabilities?

``` Limited comprehension Low tolerance for cognitive overload Limited problem solving skills Short term memory loss Attention deficit ```

Define Dyslexia

Often impacts those with cognitive disabilities. Letters appear out of order or combine/confuse letters

Define Math Disabilies

Either A: Math anxiety, emotional or psychological fear. Or B: Actual inability for brains to process numerical thinking

Define Stuttering

Speech disability affecting fluency of sounds. May involuntarily repeat, prolong, skip, or block sounds

Define Cluttering

Speech disability affecitng fluency of speech where rapid speech may become inconsistent with rhythm, syntax, and grammar

Define Apraxia

Speech disability where difficulty using muscles for speech

Define Dysarthria

Speech disability caused from brain damage

Define Mutism

Complete inability to produce a speaking voice

Define: Unaided Augmentative and Alternative Communication

DO NOT rely on use of external tools, instead rely on body language, facial expressions, gestures, and sign language

Define Aided Augmentative and Alternative Communication

Rely on electronic or non electronic tools and the person's body (low tech pen and paper all the way through high tech aids)

Define Seizeures

Abnormal or erratic electrical impulses in the brain interfering with ability to process information, or in some cases control muslce movement

Define Photo-Epileptic Seizures

Caused by Flashing or strobe like effects

Define Psychological / Psyciatric Disabilities

Vast range of emotional and mental conditions. First diagnosed as mental illnesses. Includes Depression, Anxiety Disorders, Eating Disorders, Schizophrenia

Define Panic Disorder

Anxiety disorder caused by feelings of terror or impending doom

Define Phobias

Anxiety disorder. Strong, excessive, paralyzing fears of objects or situations (e.g., Claustrophobia, arachnophobia)

Define Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Anxiety disorder after being exposed to a traumatic event such as war, violence, natural disaster

Define Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Anxiety disorder where a person has perpetually upsetting, distressing thoughts called obsessions and person needs to repeat action to alleviate fear (compulsion)

Define Depression

Mood Disorder. Characterized as brain disorder. Prolonged sadness, loss of interest

Define Bipolar Disorder

Mood Disorder. Consists of cycling periods of mania, highs, and lows

Define Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Mood Disorder. Affects individuals during fall and winter months.

Define Schizophrenia

Causes unknown. Categorized as positive and negaitve

Define Positive Schizophrenia

Involves hallucinations and delusions. Hearing voices

Define Negative Schizophrenia

Involves lack of motivation, dreary mood, isolation

Define Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Behavioral disorder difficulty focussing, paying attention, controlling behavior. Experiences divided into three categories

How does Inattention relate to ADHD?

Easily distracted, daydreaming, difficulty focussing

How does Hyperactivity relate to ADHD?

Continuous talking, running around, fidgeting, touching things, difficulty completing quiet tasks

How doe Impulsivity relate to ADHD?

Lack of patience, unsolicited remarks, difficulty controlling emotions

Define Antisocial Personality Disorder

Patterns of behavior showing no regard for rights of others

Define Borderline Personality Disorder

Personality disorder where a person experiences long-term instability in mood, behaviors, relationships, self-image

Define Anorexia Nervosa

Eating Disorder. Eat very little food, feat of gaining wait

Define Bulimia Nervosa

Eating Disorder. Eats a lot of food and purges the food.

Define Compulsive or binge eating

Eating Disorder. Eating larger amount than typical in short amount of time. Intermittent fasting and bingeing