Types Of Non Adhernace And Side Effects

Question 1

What is adherence to medical advice?

Answer 1

The ability of a patient to follow specific guidance from a health professional.

Question 2

Define non-adherence.

Answer 2

The failure to follow the advice from a health professional such as not taking medication or following a treatment plan.

Question 3

What are some reasons patients may not adhere to medical advice?

Answer 3

Poor relationship with their doctor, poor communication, time constraints, and costs.

Question 4

What are the potential consequences of non-adherence?

Answer 4

Severe consequences, which can be fatal in some instances.

Question 5

What are the two types of non-adherence discussed?

Answer 5

• Failure to follow treatments
• Failure to attend appointments

Question 6

What percentage of medications prescribed are thought to be not taken correctly or not taken at all?

Answer 6

A third to half of all medications.

Question 7

What are the costs of not taking medication?

Answer 7

Both personal and economic costs.

Question 8

What are the two categories of reasons for failure to follow treatments?

Answer 8

• Intentional
• Unintentional

Question 9

What is unintentional non-adherence?

Answer 9

When a patient wants to follow a treatment but faces barriers not in their control.

Question 10

Give examples of barriers that can lead to unintentional non-adherence.

Answer 10

• Not remembering or understanding what the doctor said
• Inability to afford treatment
• Taking time off work
• Simply forgetting

Question 11

What is intentional non-adherence?

Answer 11

When a patient deliberately decides not to follow a treatment.

Question 12

What factors may contribute to intentional non-adherence?

Answer 12

• Beliefs or preferences of the patient
• Levels of motivation
• Not believing they need the treatment or that it will work

Question 13

What are the six intentional factors that can influence a patient’s decision-making according to Laba et al. (2012)?

Answer 13

1. Immediate medication harms.
2. Long-term medication harms.
3. Immediate medication benefits.
4. Long-term medication benefits.
5. Financial cost of medication.
6. Regime for taking the medication.

Question 14

What factor was rated as the most important in adherence by Laba et al. (2012)?

Answer 14

The ability of the medication to reduce the risk of death.

Question 15

What are some reasons health professionals should understand for patients failing to follow a treatment plan?

Answer 15

Understanding the reasons can enable interventions to help increase adherence levels.

Question 16

What intervention could be made if cost is an issue for patients?

Answer 16

Efforts could be made to reduce the cost of the medication for those who cannot afford health insurance.

Question 17

How can complex medication regimes be simplified for patients?

Answer 17

Providing literature that explains the regime in an easy-to-follow way might help increase adherence.

Question 18

What can improve patient adherence regarding potential side effects of medication?

Answer 18

Making patients aware of ways to cope with or treat potential side effects may improve adherence.

Question 19

What approach should practitioners take to understand patient adherence?

Answer 19

A holistic approach is important to understand the complex reasons behind non-adherence.

Question 20

What is the estimated rate of non-attendance for appointments worldwide?

Answer 20

Rates of non-attendance are thought to be between 5 and 39 percent.

Question 21

How many appointments are missed each year in England according to NHS data in 2019?

Answer 21

Up to 15 million appointments are missed every year.

Question 22

What is the estimated cost of missed appointments to the NHS in England?

Answer 22

The cost is around £216 million pounds.

Question 23

What was a strong predictor of future failure to attend (FTA) behavior?

Answer 23

A previous failure to attend an appointment.

Question 24

What other predictors of FTA were identified?

Answer 24

Age (either young or over 80 years old) and work commitments.

Question 25

What are some predictors of failing to attend (FTA) appointments?

Answer 25

Age (either young or over 80 years old), work commitments, difficulties in getting to the hospital, feeling that the appointment is unnecessary, being too ill to attend, fear or mistrust of hospitals, and fear of discovering a serious illness. ## Footnote Example: Feeling better may lead to the perception that the appointment is unnecessary.

Question 26

What factors did Parsons et al. (2021) find to be commonly reported for missed appointments?

Answer 26

Work or family commitments, forgetting the appointment, and transportation difficulties.

Question 27

What demographics are most likely to miss appointments?

Answer 27

Individuals younger than 21, those of low social status/class, individuals who have missed appointments previously, those with a mental or physical diagnosis, and minority ethnic groups.

Question 28

What are the personal and economic costs of non-adherence?

Answer 28

Missed appointments can lead to unresolved medical problems, making patients more vulnerable. Economically, they cost health services millions, wasting resources that could improve health.

Question 29

What can result from not adhering to treatment?

Answer 29

It can lead to the need for further, more expensive treatment, such as surgery if a patient fails to take preventative heart medication.

Question 30

How can understanding non-adherence be applied to everyday life?

Answer 30

By recognizing cost and complexity as factors, strategies can be implemented to lower costs or clarify instructions, leading to more effective health service strategies.

Question 31

What is a strength of the nomothetic approach to non-adherence?

Answer 31

It benefits society as a whole and is ethical, as increased adherence can decrease financial waste.

Question 32

What issue is encountered in health services related to appointments?

Answer 32

Lost appointments lead to a misallocation of resources, preventing funds from reaching areas in need.

Question 33

What is a weakness of explanations regarding health service adherence?

Answer 33

They may not account for cultural differences among populations.

Question 34

Which groups are more likely to not adhere to health services?

Answer 34

Minority ethnicities, individuals of low social status, and the young are more likely to not adhere.

Question 35

Why is it difficult to generalize health service research findings?

Answer 35

Studies often focus on individual countries and do not consider differences in health services, such as cost.

Question 36

What is a strength of research in understanding appointment attendance?

Answer 36

It considers both individual and situational explanations for why patients may fail to attend.

Question 37

What is an example of an individual explanation for missing an appointment?

Answer 37

Fear or distrust of hospitals, or limited mobility in older patients.

Question 38

What is an example of a situational explanation for missing an appointment?

Answer 38

A parent missing an appointment due to childcare issues.

Question 39

How can practitioners gain insight into appointment attendance?

Answer 39

By considering both individual and situational explanations for failure to attend.