Types of Programming Language

Question 1

what is a paradigm

Answer 1

a way of looking / thinking about something
- a standard
- a certain perspective
- a set of ideas

A new paradigm in business could mean a new way of reaching customers and making money

Question 2

what is a programming paradigm

Answer 2

a certain approach we might have to programming

Question 3

Which assembly language mnemonic is used to branch if the accumulator is greater than or equal to zero?

Answer 3

BRP

Question 4

Which assembly language command will always change the value in the program counter?

Answer 4

BRA

Question 5

Which assembly language mnemonic is used to subtract a variable from the accumulator?

Answer 5

SUB

Question 6

Which of these is a feature of object orientated programming languages?
Select the most appropriate answer.

Programs are structured into procedures and/or functions

Uses symbolic address as labels to reference locations of data in memory

Commands have a one-to-one relationship with machine code

Programs are structured into classes, methods and instances

Answer 6

Programs are structured into classes, methods and instances

Question 7

What keyword should be placed before an attribute or method in pseudocode if we want to make sure it can be accessed by other objects?

Answer 7

PUBLIC

Question 8

Which of these is a feature of a low level programming language?
Select the most appropriate answer.

Source code is easier to write

Large number of instructions

Translates to many different machine types

Source code is harder to write

Answer 8

Source code is harder to write

Question 9

What does this line of object orientated pseudo-code do?
CLASS teacher INHERITS Person

Answer 9

Creates a new subclass called teacher which inherits from the person class

Question 10

Which is the correct definition of ‘direct addressing’?
Select the most appropriate answer.

The operand is an address to a memory location containing an address
The address is the base address plus the value in the index register
The operand is a value to be used by the instruction
The operand is the address to use by the instruction

Answer 10

the operand is the address to use by the instruction

Question 11

indexed addressing

Answer 11

modifies the address by the addition of a number held in the index register

Question 12

object

Answer 12

an instance of class

Question 13

subclass

Answer 13

a class that extends another class. the subclass inherits the methods and attributes of the class it extends

Question 14

method

Answer 14

a subroutine contained within a class / object designed to perform a particular task on the data within the object

Question 15

superclass

Answer 15

a class that has been extended by another class

Question 16

attribute

Answer 16

a single item of data within a record or object

Question 17

define low level language (2 marks)

Answer 17

a language which is close to machine code

one mnemonic translates to one machine code instruction

a language that is most suited to the machine architecture

Question 18

state three advantages of programs written in Assembly language (3 marks)

Answer 18

one to one relationship with machine code

can make use of special machine-dependent instructions
e.g. in the instruction set for the chip

translated program requires less memory

code can execute more quickly

easier to optimise

can work directly on memory locations

Question 19

explain inheritance

Answer 19

a class has all the attributes and operations/methods …

…of its superclass…

…and may also have attributes and operations/methods of its own

Question 20

class

Answer 20

a class is a type definition

a class has attributes and methods

Question 21

A product manager at ‘Better Solutions Ltd’ oversees a team of developers who program in both high-level and low-level languages.

Justify why the team may sometimes choose to write programs in either a high-level or low-level language. (6 marks)

Answer 21

high-level language
- easier to learn / understand code …
- programs can often be developed faster
- programs are prone to less errors / bugs
- programs are easier to debug / maintain / improve
- easier to find programmers who specialise in high-level language
- some high-level languages are specifically designed to solve certain types of problems

low-level language
- code is optimised for a specific architecture
- code can execute extremely fast
- the assembled code occupies less space in the memory than the machine code equivalent produced by a high level complier
- individual statements are able to manipulate / control specific hardware components

Question 22

types of programming paradigms

Answer 22

object-oriented programming (OOP)
imperative programming
declarative programming
procedural programming

Question 23

where do all these paradigms come from

Answer 23

high level language
assembly language
machine code

Question 24

low-level vs high-level languages diagram

Answer 24

HLL OO & visual languages
HLL HL language: C, Fortran, Pascal
LLL assembly language
LLL machine language
LLL hardware

Question 25

high level language

Answer 25

uses more human readable statements and constructs each line of code will translate to multiple lines of machine code uses an assembler or complier to translate into machine code much more complex and further abstracted from machine code

Question 26

assembly language

Answer 26

uses short codes called mnemonics e.g. ADD, R1, R2 or INP X for each mnemonic there is one sequence of 1s and 0s they are slightly more abstracted and easier to read / write an assembler is used to translate from assembly language to machine code

Question 27

machine code

Answer 27

we use 1s and 0s to represent the electrical signals within the computer it's the closest to what is happening on the computer which makes it the least abstract

Question 28

types of high level languages

Answer 28

imperative - focus is on describing how a program operates - made up of statements that will change the programs state using sequence, selection and iteration declarative - focuses on WHAT the program should accomplish

Question 29

examples of declarative

Answer 29

logic functional

Question 30

examples of imperative

Answer 30

object oriented procedural

Question 31

imperative high level languages

Answer 31

object oriented - looking at the word as objects which have attributes and methods example: car or plane or person procedural - programs are built from one or more subroutines

Question 32

Procedural VS OOP features

Answer 32

procedural - uses sequences, selection and iteration OOP - uses sequence, selection and iteration BUT also have inheritance, objects, classes and encapsulation

Question 33

Procedural VS OOP data

Answer 33

procedural - data is stored in local or global variables and passed using parameters to other parts of the program OOP - data can be private to each object, stored in attributes which are retrieved and changed through methods. this concept is encapsulation

Question 34

procedural VS OOP program structure

Answer 34

procedural - procedures and functions OOP - classes, methods and instances

Question 35

Procedural VS OOP program logic

Answer 35

Procedural - program flows through calls to procedures and functions OOP - objects are created and the objects methods are called when they are needed. Objects interact with other objects whilst the program is still running

Question 36

why do we need different programming paradigms

Answer 36

different problems need different approaches a 3D game for example will be better suited to OOP as the character, enemies, obstacles, backgrounds etc can be different objects simple quizzes might be suited to procedural languages as OOP would add extra complexity

Question 37

which paradigm for making a mario cart

Answer 37

OOP

Question 38

which paradigm for creating a quiz

Answer 38

procedural

Question 39

what paradigm for designing a website

Answer 39

declarative - HTML

Question 40

what paradigm for querying a database

Answer 40

Declarative - SQL

Question 41

features of procedural programming

Answer 41

program control and flow pre-defined functions - sequence - selection - iteration local variables global variables modularity - procedures - functions passing parameters

Question 42

procedural programming

Answer 42

the language tells the computer what to do by giving step by step instructions features of procedural languages: sequence, selection and iteration code is created in a modular way: Procedure and functions

Question 43

global variables

Answer 43

global variables can be seen in the whole program, every function and procedure

Question 44

local variables

Answer 44

local variables will only be able to be seen in their function on procedure. This is called the SCOPE of the variable

Question 45

passing parameters

Answer 45

sum (a, b) public static int sum (int start, int end) { int s; s = 0; for (int i = start; i <= end; i++) s += i; return s; } a and b are arguments they are passed to parameter variables this is parameter "passing" the parameter variables are int start and int end a is passed into int start b is passed into int end

Question 46

assembly language - low level language

Answer 46

the first languages were machine code languages where the programmers entered binary combinations very difficult to read and write it would be easier to have readable words lead to the development of assembly languages which use mnemonics - simple letter codes like ADD, SUB, LDA there is a one-to-one relationship with the mnemonics and the binary instruction the mnemonics are specific to the machines CPU e.g. Intel, ARM, AMD, Qualcomm etc. They are non portable

Question 47

assembler

Answer 47

used to translate the assembly code into machine code

Question 48

the instructions is broken up into two parts ...

Answer 48

opcode and operand

Question 49

opcode

Answer 49

this is the action to be performed e.g. ADD, LOAD

Question 50

operand

Answer 50

this is the data or address for the opcode to act on e.g. it could be loading data from an address OR it could be data to add

Question 51

advantages of machine code and assembly language

Answer 51

assembly language is quick to execute as each mnemonic maps onto one machine code can access system features without a separate interface, which would add more time very powerful as you are interacting directly with the machine. You're in control without any extra features a high level language might not do smaller programs - require less memory

Question 52

disadvantages of machine code and assembly language

Answer 52

each code is dependant on the machine hard to code and time consuming bug prone as there are no debugging features hard to understand need good understanding of hardware

Question 53

why are assembly languages used for embedded systems

Answer 53

have limited number of tasks size restriction with limited resources e.g. storage and cooling program needs to make efficient use of the processor, storage and power assembly languages can create optimised programs and efficient

Question 54

why are assembly languages used for device drivers

Answer 54

device drivers need to interact with peripherals they need them to perform in a specific way assembly languages allow for precise control of hardware the programs run quickly and are efficient

Question 55

mnemonic > instruction (alternative mnemonics accepted) (there's 11)

Answer 55

ADD > Add SUB > Subtract STA > Store (STO) LDA > Load (LOAD) BRA > Branch always (BR) BRZ > Branch if zero (BZ) BRP > Branch if positive (BP) INP > Input (IN, INPUT) OUT > Output HLT > End program (COB, END) DAT > Data location

Question 56

what are the simple letter codes used in assmebly langauge

Answer 56

mnemonics

Question 57

what converts assembly langauge to machine code?

Answer 57

assembler

Question 58

memory addresses

Answer 58

The CPU accesses addressed locations in main memory. there are different modes locations can be addressed

Question 59

modes of addressing memory

Answer 59

immediate direct indirect indexed

Question 60

immediate addressing

Answer 60

ADD 10 0001 1010 take the following instruction above the 0001 would mean ADD on the instruction set the operand part would actually mean the value NOT address The value here in denary is 8 4 2 1 1 0 1 0 so 8+2 = 10 The actual instruction is ADD 10 The operand specifies a value. This value will be used in the operation

Question 61

direct addressing

Answer 61

ADD 10 0001 1010 take the following instruction above the operand part would actually mean the address of the value to use we know 1010 = 10 as 8 + 2 is 10 we would go to the address in memory and add the value inside it the address 1010 in RAM is 0000 1110 so we add the value In this case it's 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 so 8 + 4 + 2 = 14 the operand specifies the address of a memory location. The contents of this memory location will be used in the operation

Question 62

indirect addressing

Answer 62

ADD 10 0001 1010 take the following instruction above the operand specifies the address of a memory location which holds the address of another memory location. the contents of the second location will be used in the operation we know 1010 is the 10th address in RAM and it is 0000 1110, we know the denary value of that 8 digit code is 14 so we go to address 14 and use the value there address 14 = 1010 1001 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 so 128 + 32 + 8 + 1 = 169

Question 63

indirect addressing - whats the point

Answer 63

it means we can address MORE locations

Question 64

indexed addressing

Answer 64

*****COME BACK TO IT*********

Question 65

write psuedocode for the following class Node Attributes Data (string) Methods getData() setData()

Answer 65

Class Node{ private data; public procedure new(string d){ data = d; } public void setData(string newData){ data = newData; } public string getData(){ return data } }

Question 66

instantiate a new object called listItem with the data "Banana"

Answer 66

Class Node{ private data; public procedure new(string d){ data = d; } public void setData(string newData){ data = newData; } public string getData(){ return data } } listItem = new Node(“Banana”)

Question 67

which address mode allows you to access more addresses in memory

Answer 67

Indirect: The operand specifies the address of a memory location which holds the address of another memory location. The contents of the second location will be used in the operation.​

Question 68

Which address mode is used for applying the same instructions over an array?

Answer 68

Indexed: The operand specifies the address of a memory location. The contents of the index register, which is a dedicated register in the CPU, will be added to the address to determine a second address. The contents of the second location will be used in the operation.​

Question 69

what are the two other address modes

Answer 69

Immediate: The operand specifies a value. This value will be used in the operation. Direct: The operand specifies the address of a memory location. The contents of this memory location will be used in the operation.

Question 70

inheritance with badger class

Answer 70

Badger Attributes Name: String Age: Integer isMale: Boolean Colour: String Methods getName() setName() getAge() setAge() getGender() setGender() getColour() setColour() This is a badger class It’s very generic and doesn’t fit We can use Inheritance to reuse the code (the attributes and methods) from the badger class and make a more specific class for either a Honey badger or European badger or American badger. This doesn’t affect the original badger class, just extends from it Both the Honey Badger and European Badger inherit the attributes and methods from the Badger class. They can also add their specific attributes and methods Badger is know as the parent class and the Honey Badger and European Badger is known as the child classes. They can still access the attributes and methods from their parent class If you want a inherited method to do something different to the parent class, you can override it in the child class PARENT CLASS Public string getName(){ Return name } CHILD CLASS Public string getName(){ Return ”I am +” name + “a honey badger” } OR Public string getName(){ Return ”I am +” name + “a European badger” } If I want to use the overridden method you would write: hBadger.getName() If you want to use the super class method you would write: hBadger.super.getName()