U 5.1 : INTRO TO TOXICOLOGY Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Event in History
Rapid development of Industrialization and the use of fossil fuels
A
Great Smog of London
2
Q
Event in History
A lot of the people developed respiratory illnesses
A
Great Smog of London
3
Q
Event in History
Mercurial pollution in water sources
A
Minamata Disease
4
Q
People had neurological
manifestations due to methyl mercury that has been implicated
A
Minamata Disease
5
Q
Event in History
Nuclear reactor, radiation leak
A
Chernobyl
6
Q
T/F Exposure to chemicals may be through the environment (air, water, soil, food) and/or occupational.
A
T
7
Q
T/F Most common chemicals are used in households, personal care and
consumer products; agriculture and industry.
A
T
8
Q
Toxicology Effects (3)
A
- Dose
- Duration of Exposure
- Vulnerability of Individuals
9
Q
Toxicology can affect (3)
A
- CNS
- Liver and kidneys
- Reproductive system
10
Q
T/F Signs and symptoms in toxicology are always specific
A
F; non-specific
11
Q
T/F Diseases caused by toxicology has no treatment available.
A
F; treatment available
12
Q
Deals with the effects of chemicals found in the workplace
A
Occupational Toxicology
13
Q
Things to identify in occupational toxicology
A
- Agents of concern
- Acute and chronic diseases
- Conditions for safe use
- Preventive measures
- Treatment
- Surveillance
14
Q
provide “safe” chemical exposure limits for workers
A
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
15
Q
standards for specific materials of particularly serious toxicity
A
Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)
16
Q
Environmental Toxicology is also known as
A
ecotoxicology
17
Q
Deals with the deleterious impact of chemical pollutants in the environment, on living organisms.
A
Environmental Toxicology
18
Q
T/F Environmental toxicology deals with toxic effects of chemical and physical agent on populations and communities of non-living organisms within defined ecosystems.
A
F; living organisms
19
Q
Environmental toxicology deals with
A
Transfer pathways of those agents & interactions with the environment
20
Q
Concerned with the impact on populations of living organisms or on ecosystems and is affected by Air, Soil or Water pollution
A
Environmental Toxicology`
21
Q
Ability of chemical agent to cause injury/disease in a given situation or setting
A
Hazard
22
Q
Expected frequency of the of the occurrence of an
undesirable effect arising from exposure to a chemical or physical agent
A
Risk
23
Q
Likelihood that a hazard will cause harm
A
Risk
24
Q
Routes of Exposure for Industrial
A
Industrial: Inhalational > Transdermal Route > Oral
25
Water and Soil pollutants are absorbed through
inhalational, ingestion or transdermal
26
Most common in the household setting is the oral route
Ingestion
27
An exposure to a toxic substance that is absorbed by the target human or animal results in a dose.
Quantity, Duration & Intensity of Exposure
28
Single exposure or multiple exposure over a brief period of time
Acute Exposure
29
Single or multiple exposure over a longer period of time
Chronic Exposure
30
Degradability, bioaccumulation, and transport and biomagnification
Environmental considerations
31
Environmental Considerations
Chemicals that exhibit environmental persistence and can accumulate
Poorly degraded chemicals
32
Environmental Considerations
Lipophilic substances: organochlorine pesticides bioaccumulate in body fat ->
1. endocrine disruption
2. neurological disorders
3. carcinogenesis/cancer formation
33
Environmental Considerations
Methyl mercury discharges ->
neurotoxic (Ex. Metal, mining)
34
Environmental Considerations
entails specific or only one organism or
biologic system
Bioaccumulation
35
Environmental Considerations
entails several biological systems or organisms to occur
Biomagnification
36
Environmental Considerations
Concentrates the chemical in organisms higher on the food chain. (magnifies)
Biomagnification
37
T/F The pollutants that have the widest environmental impact are poorly degradable; are relatively mobile in air, water, and soil; exhibit bioaccumulation; and also exhibit biomagnification.
T
38
Air Pollutants
- Colorless, tasteless, odorless and nonirritating gas
- Byproduct of incomplete combustion
- from gas stoves; generators and other gasoline powered equipment; automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
39
Air Pollutants
- Easily absorbed through the lungs
- Exposure may be acute or chronic
- Has teratogenic potential
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
40
Air Pollutants
a silent killer
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
41
Air Pollutants
combines tightly but reversibly with the oxygen binding
site of hemoglobin (Hb) producing Carboxyhemoglobin
CO
42
Air Pollutants
produced when CO combines tightly but reversibly with the oxygen binding
site of hemoglobin (Hb
Carboxyhemoglobin
43
Air Pollutants (CO)
Organs with the highest oxygen demand are most seriously affected
Brain, Heart and Kidneys
44
Air Pollutants
Clinical Effects include symptoms of hypoxia, psychomotor impairment, headache and tightness in temporal area
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
45
Air Pollutants
Clinical Effects include confusion and loss of visual acuity, tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope, and coma, deep coma, convulsions, shock and respiratory failure
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
46
Air Pollutants
- Colorless irritant gas
- Gas at the Great Smog of London
- Generated primarily by the
combustion of sulfur containing fossil
fuel
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
47
Air Pollutants
High solubility of SO2 in moist membranes forms
sulfurous acid
48
Air Pollutants
Severe irritant on the eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract and skin
sulfurous acid
49
Air Pollutants
T/F 90% of inhaled form of SO2 is absorbed in the Lower Respiratory tract causing Acute Irritant Asthma
F; Upper Respiratory Tract
50
Air Pollutants
Clinical Effects include Eye, nose and throat irritation, reflex bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial secretions
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
51
Air Pollutants
Treatment is supportive, non-specific
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)
52
Air Pollutants
- May initiate or exacerbate Bronchial Asthma
- Delayed-onset pulmonary edema
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
53
Air Pollutants
Brownish irritant gas associated with fires
Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)
54
Air Pollutants
Mostly in alveoli which it damages it by causing the surfactant to be decreased
Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)
55
Air Pollutants
T/F Surfactant maintains the patency of our alveoli, if not the alveoli will stick to one another
T
56
Air Pollutants (MOA)
T/F Inhalation damages the lung infrastructure that produces the surfactant necessary to allow smooth and low-eort lung alveolar expansion
T
57
Air Pollutants
Clinical Effects include Silo-Filler’s Disease, Non-allergic Asthma, ”Twitchy Airway disease”
Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)
58
Air Pollutants
Clinical effects include
Acute: Irritation of eyes and nose, cough, mucoid or frothy sputum production, dyspnea and chest pain; Pulmonary edema, fibrotic destruction of terminal bronchioles
Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)
59
Air Pollutants
Clinical effects include
Chronic: Emphysematous changes
Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)
60
Air Pollutants
Bluish irritant gas naturally found in the ear
Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides
61
Air Pollutants
Burning of fossil fuel
Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides
62
Air Pollutants
Irritant of mucous membranes
Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides
63
Air Pollutants
Produces upper respiratory tract irritation to deep lung irritation with pulmonary edema
Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides
64
Air Pollutants
Formation of reactive free radicals
Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides
65
Air Pollutants
Clinical effects include shallow, rapid breathing and decrease in pulmonary compliance
Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides
66
Air Pollutants
Clinical effects include
Acute: Irritation and dryness to throat, changes to visual acuity, substernal pain and dyspnea, ARDS
Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides
67
Air Pollutants
Clinical Effects include
Chronic: Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis, Empyshema
Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides
68
Solvents
Also known as Halohydrocarbons
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
69
Solvents
found in industrial solvents, degreasing agents and
cleaning agents
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
70
Solvents
Carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform,
tetrachloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
71
Solvents
Most are classified as known or probable human
carcinogens
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
72
Solvents
a fluorinated aliphatic, causes severe damage in the
ozone
Freon
73
Solvents
Human Carcinogens - some are associated with renal, prostate and testicular cancer
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
74
Solvents
Chronic Exposure in the Workplace: Impaired memory, peripheral neuropathy
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
75
Solvents
Treatment: Supportive, non-specific
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
76
Solvents
Has odor, All are components of gasoline
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
77
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Component of gasoline
Benzene
78
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Acute Exposure: CNS Depression, Nausea,
Euphoria, Locomotor Problems and Coma;
Vertigo, Drowsiness and Headache
- Chronic Exposure: Bone Marrow Injury
(Aplastic Anemia, Leukopenia, Pancytopenia,
Thrombocytopenia...)
Benzene
79
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Pluripotent Bone Marrow Stem Cells
- Potent Clastogen
Benzene
80
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Treatment: Supportive, non-specific
Benzene
81
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
paint thinners, nail polish remover, glues, and
correction fluid; explosives
Toluene
82
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Colorless, sweet-smelling
agent
Xylene
83
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
No myelotoxic properties
Toluene
84
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
CNS depressant, skin and eye irritant, fetotoxic
Toluene
85
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Associated with rapid loss of consciousness, severe fatigue, ataxia
Toluene
86
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
dimethylbenzene
Xylene
87
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Substitute for benzene in
solvent degreasing
operations
Xylene
88
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
No myelotoxic properties
Xylene
89
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
CNS depressant, skin irritant
Xylene
90
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Used for cleaning objective
microscope
Xylene
91
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Safer but can cause skin
irritation
Xylene
92
4 Types of Pesticides
1. Organochlorine Pesticides
2. Organophosphorus Pesticides
3. Carbamate Pesticides
4. Botanical Pesticides
93
Type of Pesticide
Aryl, carbocyclic or heterocyclic compounds with chlorine substituents
Organochlorine Pesticides
94
Four Classes of Organochlorine Pesticides
1. DDT (chlorophenothane) and analogs
2. Benzene Hexachloride
3. Cyclodienes
4. Toxaphene
95
Type of Pesticide
domestic mosquito elimination in malaria-infested regions of Africa
DDT
96
Type of Pesticide
MOA (Mode of Action): interfere with
inactivation of the sodium channel in excitable membranes and cause rapid repetitive firing in most neurons; calcium ion transport is inhibited
Organochlorine Pesticides
97
Type of Pesticide
DDT: Tremor is the first manifestation
Organochlorine Pesticides
98
Type of Pesticide
Carcinogenic potential but more long-term
studies are required
Organochlorine Pesticides
99
Type of Pesticide
- Used against large variety of pests
- Either via direct contact or via plant systemics
Organophosphorus Pesticides
100
Type of Pesticide
- Based on warfare chemicals like sarin, soman, and
tabun
- Absorbed via the skin, respiratory and GI tract
Organophosphorus Pesticides
100
Type of Pesticide
T/F Organophosphorus pesticides in the environment, are not considered a persistent
pesticide
T
101
Type of Pesticide
MOA: inhibition of acetylcholinesterase through
phosphorylation of the esteric state
Organophosphorus Pesticides
102
Type of Pesticide
What does MUDDLES stand for
miosis, urination, diarrhea, diaphoresis,
lacrimation, excitation of the central nervous system (CNS), and salivation
103
Type of Pesticide
T/F In organophosphorous pesticides, if not reversed, patients will develop neuromuscular
transmission failure – cardiorespiratory failure,
weakness of respiratory muscles and death
T
103
Type of Pesticide
Specific treatment and useful antagonists are available (i.e., physostigmine, pralidoxime)
Organophosphorus Pesticide
104
Environmental Pollutants
Highly halogenated biphenyl compounds
Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls
105
Environmental Pollutants
Used for insulation, fire retardancy
Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls
106
Environmental Pollutants
- Mass production resulted in enormous environmental
problems
- Very toxic and now banned for use
Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls
107
Environmental Pollutants
T/F Food is the major source of PCB Residues in humans
T
108
Environmental Pollutants
- Potent endocrine disruptors; associated with
reproductive and teratogenic effects on animal studies
- Persists in the environment
Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls
109
Environmental Pollutants
Coolant materials in air-conditioning systems
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
110
Environmental Pollutants
- Used as oxygen-carrying materials in clinical studies
- Used as heat-, stain-, and stick-resistant coatings for
cookware, fabrics and other materials (i.e. Teflon)
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
111
Environmental Pollutants
T/F PFCs had deleterious effect in the ozone layer of the atmosphere and they are persistent environmental chemical
T
112
Environmental Pollutants
Potent endocrine disruptor
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
113
Environmental Pollutants
Long-term adverse effect on reproductive function, cellular proliferation and other cellular homeostatic mechanisms
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
114
Environmental Pollutants
Associated with proliferation of breast cancer cells; renal, ovarian, prostate and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
115
Environmental Pollutants
Associated with cholesterol and uric acid abnormalities
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
116
Environmental Pollutants
Mimic, enhance or inhibit a hormonal action
Endocrine Disruptors
117
Environmental Pollutants
- Estrogen-like or antiandrogenic effects; some affect thyroid functions
- Includes plant constituents like phytoestrogens, mycoestrogens
Endocrine Disruptors
118
Environmental Pollutants
Synthetic forms are industrial chemicals, persistent organochlorine agents (DDT), PCBs and brominated flame retardants
Endocrine Disruptors
119
Environmental Pollutants
Increasing concerns mainly due to bioaccumulation, toxicity and
increasing contamination in the environment
Endocrine Disruptors
120
Environmental Pollutants
Causes progressive fibrotic lung diseases
(asbestosis), lung cancer, mesothelioma
Asbestos
121
Environmental Pollutants
- Synergistic effect with cigarette smoking and
exposure to radon daughters
- Mechanism for cancer is not well-defined
Asbestos
122
Metals
Used in ceramics and alloys; computers; dental
equipment; devices that requires hardening like missile ceramic nose cones and heat shield tiles in space vehicles
Beryllium (Be)
123
Metals
Known human carcinogen (class 1)
Beryllium (Be)
124
Metals
Found in nickel cadmium batteries, pigments, low-melting
point eutectic materials; in solder; in television phosphors;
and in plating operations; semiconductors and plastics
Cadmium (Cd)
125
Metals
Chronic exposure may lead to progressive pulmonary
fibrosis, renal failure
Cadmium (Cd)
126
Metals
Any material, natural or manufactured, bearing a size of at least one dimension that lies between 1 to 100 nm in size
Nanomaterials
127
Metals
The increasing production led to environmental contamination
Nanomaterials
128
Metals
Inhalational, oral, dermal, parenteral are the routes
of exposure
Nanomaterials
129
Nanomaterials
causes kidney toxicity
Silica
130
Nanomaterials
causes hepatocellular damage
Zinc oxide
131
Nanomaterials
cytotoxic in humans
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes
132
Nanomaterials
toxic to lungs and other organs
Titanium dioxide
133
