Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT Kaplan Biology > U1: C6: Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

U1: C6: Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

name 3 types of muscles 1. fiber organization 2. innervation 3. nuclei 4. strength 5. endurance

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth(visceral) 1. striated, striated, no striation 2. somatic, autonomic (myogenic), autonomic (myogenic) 3. multiple, 1-2, one 4. strong, strong, weak 5. low, high, high 6. rectangular, rectangular branching, converging at ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Basic contractile unit of muscle__, they attach longitudinally to build __. Entire unit is covered by __. Many ___ make up the muscle cell (__)

A
  1. sarcomere 2. myofibril 3. sarcoplasmic reticulum (analogous to ER= contain Ca2+) 4. myofirbril, myocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Striation

A

organization of the thick and thin filaments (skeletal and cardiac) *smooth is not striated bc the thick and thin filaments are not arranged in orderly fashion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Red vs White fibers 1. respiration 2. mitochondria 3. twitch speed/ endurance

A
  1. aerobic/ anaerobic 2. many & many capillaries and myoglobin/ few & stores glycogen 3. slow and high/ fast and low
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thick filaments

A

Inside: myosin filament 1. gulf club, head is the active site that binds to actin. 2. requires ATP to go back to relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Thin filament

A

Edges: actin (microfilament) 1. tropomyosin: wraps actin to cover active site (myosin binding site) 2. troponin: protein on tropomyosin, that moves tropomyosin when calcium binds to it. Leading to active site uncovering. (recall: microfilament, intermediate filaments, microtubules) intermediate filaments: maintenance & integrity microtubules: make up centrioles (involved in chromosomal division) & precursor to cilia.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sarcomere structure

A

M HAIZ M: midline H: H zone = only thin filament (actin, tropomyosin, troponin) A: A band = thin and thick filament I: I band: only thick filament (myosin) Z: end and beginning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Contraction Mechanism (describe what is occuring at each location: thick and thin) a. at rest b. activation c. power stroke d. deattachment e. recover stroke

A

a. Actin active site covered by tropomyosin, troponin active site empty (no Ca2+). Myosin head contains ADP + P b. Active active site uncovered by tropomyosin bc troponin binded to Ca2+. Myosin head binds to actin, Myosin head still contains ADP. c. Thin filament same as b (shortening of sarcomere) Myosin head, release ADP d, Thin filament either a of b Myosin head binds to ATP, to release from actin (w/o actin rigor mortis) e. Thin filament same as a Myosin head, hydrolysis ATP to ADP + P, therefore Myosin head contains ADP + P.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Muscle contraction Initiation (in macro level)

A
  1. efferent nerve: action potential release acetylcholine into neuromuscular junction. 2. acetylcholine attach to muscle receptors (graded potential), enough concentration will lead to action potential (depolarization of sarcolemma). 3. depolarization reaches the cell via T-Tubules, and causes increase permeability of sacroplasmic reticulum. 4. sacroplasmic reticulum release Ca+ that is used to bind troponin.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is required for myosin head to.. 1. attach to actin 2. power stroke (bend) 3. detach from actin 4. unbend

A
  1. calcium ions 2. ADP and P release (dissociation) 32. ATP bind 4. ATP hydrolysis -> ADP + P (ATP req for contracting and relaxing)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  1. Latent Period 2. Refractory Period a. absolute b. relative
A
  1. reaching threshold (onset of contractions) 2a., no stimuli can affect force 2b. higher than threshold stimuli can affect force
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stimulus intensity

A

All or none fashion, stimuli must reach threshold value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Force of muscles

A

Strength is a result of the number of fibers recruited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. Summation 2. Tetanus 3. Fatigue
A
  1. freq or prolonged stimulation 2. constant stimulation 3. 1 and 2 may lead to fatigue if there is insufficient time to relax.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Refractory periods

A

absolute and relative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Latent Period

A
17
Q

Skeletal system

axial vs appendicular

A

axial: skull, ribs, vetebral column
appendicular: limbs, pelvis, pelvic girdle

18
Q

Microscopic bone components (Draw)

A

http://test.classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/853/flashcards/36853/png/picture_5.png

Osteon (one unit)

  1. lamaella: concentric rings (matrix)
  2. lacunae: houses osteocytes along the lamaella
  3. canalcilli: connections between the lacunae, similar to capillaires, perpandicular of the lamaella.
  4. havarsins canal: center the first lamaella, where nutrients and waste ports.
19
Q

Long bone formation

A

Endochondrial: cartiledge model replaced with bone

http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/89/12/1333/F2.large.jpg

20
Q

flat bone formation

A

Intramembrous: (spongy) mesenchymal tissue (undifferentiated embryonic tissue) transformed into bone.

http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/tortora/0470565101/hearthis_ill/pap13e_ch06_illustr_audio_mp3_am/simulations/figures/ossification_intra.jpg

21
Q

Connective Tissue

  1. Function
  2. name the 3 components
  3. name the 6 different types
A
  1. is a kind of animal tissue that supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs of the body
  2. ground substances, fibers, and cells. All are immersed in the body fluids.
  3. The different types
    1. Loose connective tissue
    2. Dense connective tissue ( aka collagen, firbous)
    3. adipose tissue
    4. blood
    5. cartilage
    6. bone
22
Q
  1. osteclasts
  2. osteoblasts
  3. osteocytes
A
  1. breaks down and remodel (from stemcells in bone marrow)
  2. deposites matrix and build bone (osteogenic)
  3. mature bone cell, maintains bone (osteoblasts that are trapped within the lacunae)
23
Q
  1. Tendon vs ligament
A
  1. Tendon: connects muscle to bone
  2. LIgament:: connects bone to bone
24
Q

What is Hydroxyapatite

A

Ca2+ and PO43-two main constituents of hydroxyapatite, the bone mineral that strengthens the mechanical resistance of the organic matrix

MCAT Kaplan Biology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions