u1: eukaryotic organisms

Question 1

what cell organelle is also present in bacteria

Answer 1

ribosomes

Question 2

what do many cell organelles have

Answer 2

a double membrane

Question 3

what do ribosomes not have

Answer 3

a double membrane

Question 4

nucleus

why is it important

Answer 4

• stores and transmits genetic information
• stored DNA is used to synthesize proteins
• DNA molecules are wrapped in proteins to form chromosomes
• in non-dividing cells: DNA is in form of chromatin (less compact than chromosomes)

Question 5

what else does the nucleus contain?

Answer 5

• nucleolus
• nucleoplasm
• nuclear matrix
• nuclear pore complex

Question 6

what is the nucleus covered with?

Answer 6

• double membrane: inner and outer
• nuclear envelope/membrane has nuclear pore complex

Question 7

nucleolus

Answer 7

site of ribosome production

Question 8

nucleoplasm

Answer 8

nuclear fluid (like cytoplasm)

Question 9

nuclear matrix

Answer 9

proteins tht give nucleus support and structure

Question 10

nuclear pore complex

Answer 10

pores in nuclear membrane/envelope that allow small molecules to enter/exit nucleus

Question 11

where is chromatin located in the nucleus

Answer 11

floating within the nucleoplasm

Question 12

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 12

• connected to nuclear envelope
• rough ER: studded with ribosomes to make proteins
• smooth ER: no ribosomes, makes lipids

Question 13

what lipids does the smooth ER make?

Answer 13

• phospholipids
• estrogen
• testosterone

Question 14

what do ribosomes do? whys it important?

Answer 14

• make proteins using the genetic material in nucleus
• proteins have many functions like expressing genetic traits

Question 15

golgi apparatus

Answer 15

• proteins go to golgi apparatus from rough ER
• each golgi compartment modifies the proteins
• the modified proteins have different locations

Question 16

where do proteins go after the golgi apparatus? how r they delivered?

Answer 16

• cell organelles
• cell membrane (to go outside the cell)
• delivered by vesicles

Question 17

vesicles

Answer 17

• small, round, sac-like structures
• double-membraned
• smaller than endoplasmic reticulum
• some vesicles transport things inside, some transport outside

Question 18

examples of vesicles

Answer 18

vacuoles and lysosomes

Question 19

what organelles transport and process proteins in the cell? what is the process called?

Answer 19

• endomembrane transport
• nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, nd vesicles

Question 20

how does endomembrane transport occur?

Answer 20

1. rough ER makes proteins. these proteins dont freefloat in cytoplasm, instead they stay in the leumen
2. proteins go to golgi by a vesicle. vesicle merges with golgi. golgi processes protein. i.e. it can add sugar and mae it a signalling molecule
3. products go through golgi and exit in vesicles to: leave cell, be placed in cell membrane, or go to another destination

Question 21

lysosomes

Answer 21

• “cellular stomachs”
• spherical organelles
• have acidic fluid and digestive enzymes
• digests: ingested products, worn out organelles, bacteria, etc

Question 22

chloroplasts

Answer 22

• contain chlorophyll
• complex internal structure
• liquid stroma
• flattened discs called thylakoids
• stack of thylakoids is called granum/grana

Question 23

thylakoids

Answer 23

contain chlorophyll

Question 24

chlorophyll

how does it do wht it does

Answer 24

• photosynthetic pigment
• converts light energy/water/carbon dioxide into sugar through redox reactions

Question 25

what do chloroplasts have in common with mitochondria

Answer 25

both have a double membrane

Question 26

mitochondria

Answer 26

- break down high energy organic molecules (like glucose) into useable energy (ATP) - inner membrane is called cristae - fluid filled space in inner membrane is called "mitochondrial matrix"

Question 27

define cytoskeleton

Answer 27

internal network of protein fibres inside of all cells

Question 28

purpose of cytoskeleton

Answer 28

protein fibres extend throughout cytoplasm to: 1. provide structure 2. anchor cell membrane/other organelles in place

Question 29

examples of protein fibres

Answer 29

- microtubules - intermediate filaments - microfilaments

Question 30

how do the protein fibres help with endomembrane transport?

Answer 30

by ensuring all organelles stay in place, proteins can be transported effectively

Question 31

microtubules

Answer 31

- maintain cell shape - used in cell division (spindle fibers) - thickest/biggest

Question 32

intermediate filaments

Answer 32

- maintain cell shape - anchor organelles - medium shape

Question 33

microfilaments

Answer 33

- maintain cell shape - help cell cleave during division - thinnest

Question 34

what are protein fibres also called

Answer 34

structural proteins

Question 35

diff btwn chloroplasts and mitochondria

Answer 35

- chloroplasts do photosynthesis - mitochondria does cellular respiration