U1 LEC: HISTORY OF MOLBIO Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
Arose from the convergence of work by geneticists, physicists, and structural chemists on the nature of inheritance.
A
Molecular Biology
2
Q
Starting year of molbio
A
1930s
3
Q
Golden age of molbio
A
1950s and 1960s
4
Q
The study of biomolecules and biomolecular mechanisms that occur in living organisms
A
Molecular biology
5
Q
Molecular biology is mainly focused on?
A
- Gene structure and function
- Molecular nature of gene
- Gene replication, mutation and repair
- Gene expressions
in short words: mechanisms
6
Q
This is the basis of gene
A
Central dogma
7
Q
Genomics
A
DNA
8
Q
Transcriptomics
A
RNA
9
Q
Proteomics
A
Protein
10
Q
Metabolomics
A
metabolites
11
Q
This is the study of molecular basis of life such as biochemical processes that control information flow through biochemical signalling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism.
A
Biochemistry
12
Q
Biochemistry deals with the structures and functions of?
A
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Nucleic acids
13
Q
This scientist coined the term “molecular biology”
A
Warren Weaver (1938)
14
Q
Father of Modern Genetics
A
Gregor Mendel
15
Q
This scientist worked on the transmission of inheritable traits.
A
Gregor Mendel
16
Q
Mendelian laws
A
- Law of Segregation
- Law of Independent Assortment
17
Q
This scientist discovered a new molecule from the cell nucleus, and believed that proteins were the molecules of heredity.
A
Friedrich Miescher (1869)
18
Q
Friedrich Miescher (1869) discovered?
A
nuclein
19
Q
This refers to the previously thought transforming principle, now called as DNA.
A
nuclein
20
Q
This scientist studied two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice.
A
Frederick Griffith (1928)
21
Q
highly virulent strain, with a capsule (polysaccharide)
A
smooth strain
22
Q
non virulent, lacked a capsule
A
rough strain
23
Q
This refers to the autopsy in animals.
A
Necropsy
24
Q
Mouse lives in?
A
- r strain
- heat killed smooth strain
25
Mouse dies in?
- s strain
- rough strain and heat killed smooth strain
26
Mechanism of smooth strain
- Smooth strain is killed with heat, but not the DNA
- Rough strain engulfs DNA coding for the capsule
- Rough strain becomes virulent
27
These scientists used a process of elimination to identify the transforming principle.
Oswald Avery,
Colin McLeod,
Maclyn McCarty
(1944)
28
Tubes used by Avery, McLeod, McCarty
1st: proteinase - S cells appear
2nd: ribonuclease - S cells appear
3rd: deoxyribonuclease - No S cells appear
29
These scientists proved that DNA is the transforming principle using T2 bacteriophages.
Alfred Hershey,
Martha Chase
(1952)
30
What does T2 bacteriophage infect?
Escherichia coli
31
This is what Hershey and Chase used in their experiment, in which it consists both protein and DNA selectively incorporated by radioactive isotopes for tracing of bacterial infection.
T2 bacteriophages
32
Radioactive isotopes in T2 bacteriophage
32-phosphate (DNA)
35-sulfur (Protein)
33
This scientist discovered the content of DNA.
Phoebus Levene
34
Levene discovered the following:
- order of the three major components of a single nucleotide (phosphate-sugar-base)
- Ribose (carb of RNA)
- Deoxyribose (Carb of DNA)
- correctly identify the way RNA and DNA are put together
35
T/F: Ribose/deoxyribose is a pentose sugar.
True
36
This scientist discovered that the nucleotide composition of DNA varies among species.
Erwin Chargaff
37
Chargaff Rules
1. A = T, C = G
2. (A+G) = (C+T)
38
T/F: The "Chargaff Rules" are considered basis for double helix structure.
True
39
These scientists were able to generate two sets of high-resolution photos of crystallized DNA fibers.
Rosalind Franklin,
Raymond Gosling
(1951)
40
This scientist was offered a 3-year research at King's College to improve the X-ray Crystallography unit.
Rosalind Franklin
41
T/F: Franklin deduced that the phosphates were outside, not hinting a helical structure.
False
yun ung hint xD
42
This scientist borrowed Photo 51 and passed onto Watson and Crick.
Maurice Wilkins
43
This is the unsung hero who recruited Franklin among the issue of gender bias in the scientific field.
John Randall
44
The Plate Model was done by?
Watson and Crick
45
These scientists provided experimental proof for semiconservative replication.
Matthew Meselson,
Franklin Stahl
(1957)
46
What did Meselson and Stahl invent?
density gradient centrifugation
47
This uses centrifugal force to separate molecules based on densities.
density gradient centrifugation
48
This scientist enunciated the concept of "Central Dogma of Molecular Biology"
Francis Crick (1958)
49
Ideology for Crick's' Central Dogma
- Protein does not revert back to DNA/RNA
- Some convert RNA to DNA
50
RT-PCR stands for?
Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
51
In which virus does reverse transcriptase come from?
HIV
52
PCR
RNA to complementary DNA
53
This scientist utilized fruit flies for the Chromosome theory.
Thomas Hunt Morgan
54
Scientific name for fruit flies
Drosophila melanogaster
55
This scientist discovered that if there is variation in DNA, there is also variation in expression with the use of hereditary characteristics of fruit flies.
Hermann J. Muller (1927)
56
This scientist provided the first detailed description of transposable elements, known as jumping genes, through maize.
Barbara McClintok
57
Jumping genes are also referred to as?
transposons
58
This scientist isolated and discovered DNA polymerase I.
Arthur Kornberg
59
This scientist won the Nobel Prize for enzymatic synthesis for DNA.
Arthur Kornberg
60
This scientist won the Nobel Prize for enzymatic synthesis for RNA.
Severo Ochoa
61
These scientists discovered messenger RNA and bacterial operons.
Francois Jacob,
Andrew Lwoff,
Jacques Monod
62
This is considered as the intermediary between DNA and its protein products, and contains the instruction for protein or antibody.
messenger RNA
63
These are protein-binding regulatory sequences.
bacterial operons
64
T/F: mRNA cannot enter the nucleus.
True
65
These scientists first unlocked the genetic code.
Marshall Nirenberg,
Har Gobind Khorana,
Philip Leder,
Heinrich Matthari
(1963 and 1966)
66
What was the first discovered genetic code?
AUG (Methionine)
67
This scientist discovered transfer RNA.
Robert Holley
68
These scientists discovered Restriction Endonucleases technology.
Messelson, Werner Asber,
Daniel Nathans, Hamilton Smith
(1969 and 1970)
69
These scientists discovered Recombinant DNA technology.
Paul Berg, Stanley Cohen, Herbert Boyer
70
This scientist discovered DNA sequencing.
Frederick Sanger
71
These scientists discovered the Reverse Transcriptase enzyme and study tumor virus activity.
David Baltimore, Renato Dulbeco, Howard Temin
72
This scientist discovered the taxonomy of 16s rRNA, resulting to a tree of life.
Carl Woese
73
What domain did Woese discovered?
third domain, Archae
74
This scientist introduced the Maxam-Gilbert DNA sequencing.
Walter Gilbert, Allan Maxam (1977)
75
This scientist proposes existence of introns and exons.
Walter Gilbert (1978)
76
In 1986, what was proposed by Gilbert as the origins of life?
RNA world
77
Ribozymes
Thomas Cech, Sidney Altman (1986)
78
Nucleic acid-protein complexes
Aaron Klug (1981)
79
Spearhead of the Human Genome Project
James Watson (1989)
80
Knockout mice technique
Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans, Oliver Smithies (1989)
81
Cloning of "Dolly" the sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured cell line
Keith Campbell, Ian Wilmut (1996)
82
This scientist discovered the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Kary Mullis (1993)
83
RNA interference
Craig Mello, Andrew Fire (1998)
84
Crystal structure of the ribosome
Thomas Steitz
85
These scientists discovered CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing mechanism/
Emanuelle Charpentier, Jennifer Anne Doudna (2011)
