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Higher Human Biology > U2: 16- Blood Glucose Levels And Obesity > Flashcards

U2: 16- Blood Glucose Levels And Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

How much sugar should be in the blood plasma usually?

A

Around 5 millimoles per litre (5mmol/l)

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2
Q

How much sugar can be found in the blood of a diabetic person?

A

Sometimes as much as 30mmol/l

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3
Q

Which part of the blood vessels absorbs the excess glucose of a diabetic person?

A

The endothelium

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4
Q

What happens to blood vessels that take in more glucose than usual?

A

They become weaker and burst and bleed into surrounding tissues

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5
Q

What name is given to the condition caused by blood vessels that burst due to the weight of glucose in them?

A

Microvascular disease

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6
Q

What organs can microvascular disease affect?

A

Retina of the eyes, kidneys, extremities like arms and legs

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7
Q

What is glucose stored as in the liver?

A

Glycogen

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8
Q

Whenever glucose concentration rises following a meal, receptor cells in which organ detect it?

A

Pancreas

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9
Q

Which hormone is released by the pancreas following a rise in blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin

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10
Q

What organ does insulin released by the pancreas go to?

A

The liver

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11
Q

What reaction is triggered in the liver by insulin?

A

Glucose —> Glycogen

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12
Q

When glucose is converted to glycogen in the liver what does this do to blood glucose levels?

A

Lowers it

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13
Q

Whenever blood glucose levels fall following a period without food or after sleeping, which organ detects it?

A

The pancreas

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14
Q

Which hormone is released by the pancreas following a fall in blood glucose levels?

A

Glucagon

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15
Q

What organ does glucagon go to?

A

The liver

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16
Q

What reaction does glucagon trigger in the liver?

A

Glycogen —> Glucose

17
Q

When glycogen is converted to glucose in the liver and the glucose is released into the blood, what does this do to blood glucose levels?

A

Raises it

18
Q

The constant returning of glucose levels to a set point operates on what principle?

A

Negative feedback control

19
Q

Which hormone can promote the conversion of more glycogen to glucose in the liver to increase the blood glucose level?

A

Adrenaline

20
Q

When would adrenaline be released?

A

During exercise or “fight or flight” reactions

21
Q

Name the two types of diabetes.

A

Type 1 and Type 2

22
Q

Which type of diabetes is not linked to obesity?

A

Type 1

23
Q

Which type of diabetes is linked to obesity?

A

Type 2

24
Q

How is type 1 diabetes controlled?

A

Insulin injection and careful diet

25
Q

In which type of diabetes are the receptors of insulin decreased and less sensitive to insulin?

A

Type 2

26
Q

Which type of diabetes tends to occur in childhood?

A

Type 1

27
Q

What would be found in the urine of a diabetic person?

A

Glucose

28
Q

What test do doctors carry out to diagnose diabetes?

A

Glucose tolerance test

29
Q

Give a brief description of the glucose tolerance test?

A

Person fasts for 8 hours. Blood glucose levels measured. Person given drink loaded with known amount of glucose. Blood glucose levels are monitored to see if they come back down to normal within 2.5 hours. The results are plotted to give a glucose tolerance curve.

30
Q

What condition is characterised by the accumulation of excess fat compared to lean tissue such as muscle?

A

Obesity

31
Q

Name three health problems caused by obesity.

A

Osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes

32
Q

What is the formula for calculating Body Mass Index (BMI)?

A

mass (kg) / height squared (m squared)

33
Q

Who might a BMI not be accurate for?

A

Bodybuilders as muscle weighs more than fat so their BMI might come out higher than it should be

Higher Human Biology (24 decks)

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