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[3Y1S] MT 6320 > U2.1.1 ANTIMICROBIALS > Flashcards

U2.1.1 ANTIMICROBIALS Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Substances that inhibit, kill or
destroy microorganisms

A

Antimicrobial Agents

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2
Q

Examples of antimicrobial agents

A

Antibiotics, Antibacterial Agent, Antiviral, Anti-fungal, Anti-parasitic

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3
Q

Sources of Antimicrobial Agents

A
  1. Microorganisms Bacteria or Fungi
  2. Chemically Synthesized
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4
Q

Determine the Spectrum of Action

wide spectrum of action

A

Broad Spectrum

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4
Q

Determine the Spectrum of Action

limited spectrum of action

A

Narrow Spectrum

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5
Q

Determine the Spectrum of Action

Penicillin G, Bacitracin, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Polymyxin B, Vancomycin

A

Narrow Spectrum

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6
Q

Determine the Spectrum of Action

Action against Gr (+) and Gr (-) bacteria

A

Broad Spectrum

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7
Q

Determine the Spectrum of Action

Tetracycline, Ampicillin, Cephalosporins

A

Broad Spectrum

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8
Q

According to Action

Kill or destroy the microorganism

A

Bacteriocidal Agents

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9
Q

Determine the Spectrum of Action

Disadvantage: Destruction/Inhibition of the normal flora leading to superinfections

A

Broad Spectrum

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10
Q

According to Action

Used ni life threatening infections and in infections in
immunosuppressed patients

A

Bacteriocidal Agents

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11
Q

According to Action

Inhibits the growth of microorganisms

A

Bacteriostatic Agents

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12
Q

According to Action

Chloramphenicol
- Erythromycin, Clindamycon, Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim, Tetracyclines, Tigecycline, Linezolid, Quinupristin

A

Bacteriostatic

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13
Q

According to Action

Aminoglycosides
- B-lactams, Vancomycin, Daptomycin, Teicoplanin, Telavancin, Quinolones, Rifampin, Metronidazole

A

Bactericidal

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14
Q

Actions of Antimicrobial Drugs (Cell wall/ Cell membrane/ 50S Inhibitors/ 30S Inhibitors/ Nucleic Acid Synthesis)

B-lactams, Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Vancomycin

A

For cell wall

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15
Q

Actions of Antimicrobial Drugs (Cell wall/ Cell membrane/ 50S Inhibitors/ 30S Inhibitors/ Nucleic Acid Synthesis)

Polymyxins

A

Cell membrane

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16
Q

Actions of Antimicrobial Drugs (Cell wall/ Cell membrane/ 50S Inhibitors/ 30S Inhibitors/ Nucleic Acid Synthesis)

Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Chloramphenicol, Oxazolidinone-linezolid, Streptogramine-DQ

A

50S Inhibitors

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17
Q

Actions of Antimicrobial Drugs (Cell wall/ Cell membrane/ 50S Inhibitors/ 30S Inhibitors/ Nucleic Acid Synthesis)

Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Glycylcycline-tigecydine

A

30S Inhibitors

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18
Q

Actions of Antimicrobial Drugs (Cell wall/ Cell membrane/ 50S Inhibitors/ 30S Inhibitors/ Nucleic Acid Synthesis)

Nalidixic Acid, Fluoroquinolones, Rifampin

A

DNA synthesis : Nalidixic Acid, Fluoroquinolones
RNA polymerase : Rifampin

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19
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding enzymes involved in peptidoglycan production

A

B-lactams

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20
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

Both gram-pos and gram-neg bacteria but spectrum may vary with the individual antibiotic

A

B-lactams

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21
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

proteins involved in peptidoglycan production

A

PBPs - Penicillin-binding proteins

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22
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

MOA: Inhibition of Enzymes needed for peptidoglycan formation

A

Beta Lactam Drugs

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23
Q

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis - Beta Lactam Drugs

from Penicillium notatum

A

Penicilin

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24
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis - Beta Lactam Drugs Ampicillin, amoxicillin
Aminopenicillins
25
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis - Beta Lactam Drugs Methicillin, Oxacillin, Nafcillin
Penicillinase Resistant Penicillins
26
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis - Beta Lactam Drugs Aminopenicillins (ampicillin, amoxicillin), Carboxypenicillin (carbenicillin, ticarcillin), Acycalmminopenicillins, Ureidopenicillins
Extended Spectrum Penicillin
27
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis - Beta Lactam Drugs augmentin, Pip-Taz, ampicillin/sulbactam
Penicillin Co-drugs
28
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis - Beta Lactam Drugs source Acremonium
Cephalosporins
29
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis - Beta Lactam Drugs Structurally Similar to penicillin but better able to withstand B-lactamase and more modifiable
Cephalosporins
30
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis - Beta Lactam Drugs original cephalosporin, modified to aminocephalosporanic acid
Cephalosporin C
31
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis - Beta Lactam Drugs Spectrum of Cephalosporins
1st Gen - Narrow Spectrum 2nd Gen - Expanded Spectrum 3rd Gen - Broad Spectrum 4th Gen - Extended Spectrum
32
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis - Beta Lactam Drugs Narrow Spectrum, Aztreonam
Monobactams
33
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis - Beta Lactam Drugs Imipinem, meropenem, doripenem, ertapenem
Carbapanems
34
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis - Beta Lactam Drugs - Broad Spectrum (similar to 3rd generation cephalosporins, slightly greater activity against enterics, Pseudomonas, and anaerobes - Not effective for MRSA and VRE
Carbapanems
35
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis MOA: Binds to terminal D-Ala-D-Ala of the pentapeptidyl-glycosyl peptidoglycan intermediates
Glycopeptides
36
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Vancomycin, dalbavancin, teicoplamin
GLYCOPEPTIDES
37
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Activity is limited to Gram Positive Organisms Only
Glycopeptides
38
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis - MOA: inhibit the synthesis of the peptidoglycan precursors in the cytoplasm - 2nd line drug for TB
Cycloserine
38
Inhibitors of Cell Membrane Function (Disruption of Cell Membrane) - Polymyxin B and Polymyxin E (Colistin) - Cyclic Polypeptides
Polymyxins
39
Inhibitors of Cell Membrane Function (Disruption of Cell Membrane) Source: Bacillus licheniformis
Bacitracin
39
Inhibitors of Cell Membrane Function (Disruption of Cell Membrane) - MOA: Inhibits the transport of lipid-bound precursors across the cytoplasmic membrane - Toxic; limited to topical application
Bacitracin
40
Inhibitors of Cell Membrane Function (Disruption of Cell Membrane) - MOA : Act like detergents which interact with phospholipids, increasing permeability - Agent of last resort to P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter infections - Toxic (neurotoxic and nephrotoxic)
Polymyxins
41
Inhibitors of Cell Membrane Function (Disruption of Cell Membrane) - Disrupt membranes of Gr (+) bacteria - For VRSA,VRE, MRSA - Daptomycins
Lipopeptides
41
Inhibition of Folate Synthesis Enzymes mediating folate synthesis
Dihydropteroate synthase & Dihydrofolate reductase
42
Inhibition of Folate Synthesis is an important precursor in DNA synthesis of bacteria
Folate
43
Inhibition of Folate Synthesis MOA: competitive inhibition of folic acid synthesis. Binding to dihydropteroate synthase (analogue PABA)
Sulfonamides
44
Inhibition of Folate Synthesis - Moderately Toxic: vomiting, nausea, hypersensitivity reactions - Can be antagonistic to certain medications (warfarin, phenytoin, oral hypoglycemic agents)
Sulfonamides
45
Inhibition of Folate Synthesis MOA: blocks the step leading to formation tetrahydrofolate by preventing dihydrofolate reductase mediated recycling of folate coenzymes
Trimetroprim
46
Inhibition of DNA Synthesis MOA: bind and interfere with DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV
Fluoroquinolones
47
Inhibition of DNA Synthesis - Toxicity: Tendinitis; rupture of Achilles tendon - Ex. Nalidixic Acid - For Enterics, pseudomonads, Staphylococus, Streptococcus, Neisseria
Fluoroquinolones
48
Interference with DNA Synthesis MOA: Nitro group is reduced by nitroreductase leading to generation of cytotoxic compounds and free radicals that disrupt DNA that leads to bactericidal effect
Metronidazole
49
Interference with DNA Synthesis - Effective in Anaerobic environments - For: Anaerobes, microaerophiles, protozoans, Gardnerella, C. difficile
Metronidazole
50
Interference with RNA Synthesis MOA: binds to DNA dependent RNA polymerase to inhibit RNA synthesis
Rifamycins such as Rifamin/ Rifampicin
51
Interference with RNA Synthesis Primarily for Gram (+) Organisms; 1st line of treatment for TB, prophylaxis for N. meningitidis carriers; intracellular pathogens
Rifamycins such as Rifamin/ Rifampicin
52
Inhibits 50S Ribosome - Broad Spectrum - Toxic: Aplastic Anemia, Gray Baby Syndrome
Chloramphenicol
52
Inhibits 50S Ribosome MOA: inhibits translation through inhibition of elongation step; preventing attachment of AA
Chloramphenicol
53
Inhibits 50S Ribosome MOA: inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 23s RNA of the 50s ribosomal subunit inhibiting transfer RNA
Macrolides
54
Inhibits 50S Ribosome - Clindamycin, Erythromycin - Mostly bacteriostatic - For Intracellular pathogens (can penetrate WBCs), Gr (+), Mycoplasma, Treponemes and Rickettsia
Macrolides
55
Inhibits 50S Ribosome - Linezolid - Gr (+) and Mycobacteria
Oxazolidinones (synthetic)
56
Inhibits 30s Ribosome MOA: Inhibits protein synthesis by binding reversibly to the 30s ribosomal subunit
Tetracycline and Doxycycline
57
Inhibits 30s Ribosome Broad spectrum; bacteriostatic; also for intracellular pathogens, Mycoplasma, Spirochetes, Shigella
Tetracycline and Doxycycline
58
Inhibits 30s Ribosome Toxicity: * GI irritation * Phototoxic dermatitis * Toxic to liver and kidney; phototoxic * Discolored teeth and depressed bone growth
Tetracycline and Doxycycline
59
Inhibits 30s ribosome - Often used together with penicillins in order to diffuse and enter bacterial cell - Narrow Therapeutic Index
Aminoglycosides
60
Inhibits 30s ribosome - Ex. Streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, neomycin - Toxicity: Ototoxic, nephrotoxic
Aminoglycosides
61
Antimycobacterial Agents 1st line drugs
Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide
62
Antimycobacterial Agents 2nd line drugs
Ethambutol, Streptomycin
63
Antimycobacterial Agents : 1st Line Drugs interferes with formation of mycolic acid
Isoniazid
64
Antimycobacterial Agents : 1st Line Drugs inhibit DNA dependent RNA polymerase
Rifampicin
64
Antimycobacterial Agents : 1st Line Drugs Bactericidal
Pyrazinamide
65
Antimycobacterial Agents : 2nd Line Drugs inhibit mycolic acid
Ethambutol
66
Antimycobacterial Agents : 2nd Line Drugs aminoglycoside
Streptomycin
67
Composed of a beta-lactam drug with antimicrobial activity and a beta lactam drug without activity
Beta-Lactam combinations
68
Effective against organisms that produce beta lactamases that are bound by the inhibitor
Beta-Lactam combinations
69
Examples of Beta-Lactam combinations
1. Ampicillin-sulbactam 2. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 3. Piperacillin-tazobactam
70
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance Changes that result in observably reduced susceptibility of an organism to a particular antimicrobial agent
Biologic Resistance
71
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance - Antimicrobial susceptibility has been lost - Drug is no longer effective for clinical use
Clinical Resistance
72
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance - random mutation due to certain agent
Environmentally Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance
73
Environmentally Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance decreased pH leads to aminoglycoside and erythromycin resistance; acidic
pH
74
Environmentally Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance Increased pH leads to tetracycline resistance; alkaline
pH
75
Environmentally Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance Decreased activity of aminoglycosides
Anaerobic Environment
76
Environmentally Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance Decreased activity of aminoglycosides to P. aeruginosa
Mg and Ca Conc.
77
Environmentally Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance Decreased activity of sulfonamide and trimethoprim against enterococci
Folate metabolites
78
Types of Microorganism-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance
1. Intrinsic : inherent resistance 2. Acquired
79
Mechanisms of Intrinsic Resistance Sessile bacterial communities
Biofilms
80
Mechanisms of Intrinsic Resistance Irreversibly attached to solid surfaces
Biofilms
81
Mechanisms of Intrinsic Resistance Embedded in exopolysaccharide matrix
Biofilms
82
Type of Resistance Resistance of S. saprophyticus to Novobiocin
Intrinsic Resistance
83
Type of Resistance Resistance of Proteus, Providencia, Morganella and Edwardsiella to Polymyxins
Intrinsic Resistance
84
Type of Resistance - Occurs as a result of prior exposure - Caused by changes ni the genetic make up
Acquired Resistance
85
Type of Resistance Genetically Encoded via: - successful genetic mutation - Acquisition of genes via gene transfer - Combination of mutational and gene transfer
Acquired Resistance
86
Acquired Resistance Changes in the genes coding for the efflux pump
Efflux
87
Acquired Resistance : Efflux gene in Streptococcus pneumonia leading to macrolide resistance
mefA gene
88
Acquired Resistance : Efflux gene S. aureus and Enterococcus against macrolides
mrsA gene
89
Acquired Resistance : Efflux gene S.agalactiae against macrolides
mreA gene

[3Y1S] MT 6320 (8 decks)

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