U4: CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE + CHROMOSOMES BASED ON NUMBERS

Question 1

Threadlike structures or “colored bodies”

Answer 1

Chromosome

Question 2

Chroma

Answer 2

color

Question 3

Soma

Answer 3

body

Question 4

T/F: The chromosome is described as colored body due to the advent of staining in the nucleus.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

This is made up of proteins, a single molecule of DNA, and some minute RNA.

Answer 5

Chromosome

Question 6

This is the primary organization protein in DNA.

Answer 6

Histone

Question 7

This protein allows for the maximal looping of DNA threads for it to be smaller and be a better fit with the nucleus.

Answer 7

Histone

Question 8

This protein allows for the condensation of chromosomal DNA.

Answer 8

Histone

Question 9

Pattern of Histone

Answer 9

8 subunits (4 pairs) + 1 linker

Question 10

Subunits in Hemoglobin (quarternary structure)

Answer 10

4 subunits

Question 11

Subunits in Myoglobin

Answer 11

1 subunit

Question 12

CSPs stand for?

Answer 12

Chromosome Structural Proteins

Question 13

CPPs stand for?

Answer 13

Chromosome Peripheral Proteins

Question 14

CCPs stand for?

Answer 14

Chromosome Coating Proteins

Question 15

CFPs stand for?

Answer 15

Chromosome Fibrous Proteins

Question 16

FORMATIVE: This is responsible for signaling cascades, promoting the localization of signaling molecules at specific sites and coordinating positive and negative feedback signals for pathway regulation.

Answer 16

Scaffold Proteins

Question 17

T/F: The chromosomal RNA has its own distinct forms but does not contain transcription factors.

Answer 17

False

Question 18

These code for transcription factors.

Answer 18

Introns

Question 19

In ____, chromosomes ensure daughter cell retains its own complete genetic complement.

Answer 19

Mitosis

Question 20

In ____, chromosomes enable each mature ovum and sperm to contain a unique single set of parental genes.

Answer 20

Meiosis

Question 21

What mechanisms in Meiosis are responsible for ensuring that the gametes contain a unique single set of parental genes?

Answer 21

Recombination
Crossing over
Chiasmata formation

Question 22

No. of autosomes

Answer 22

44

Question 23

This term refers to other DNA materials found in the mitochondria or outside the nucleus.

Answer 23

Extra-chromosomal DNA

Question 24

This refers to non - nuclear chromosomal content.

Answer 24

Extra-chromosomal DNA

Question 25

In which cells can extra-chromosomal DNA can also be found?

Answer 25

cancer cells

Question 26

The chromosome can expand up to?

Answer 26

2 meters

Question 27

Approximately how many base pairs per set of chromosomes can be found in the DNA?

Answer 27

3 billion

Question 28

Approximately how many genes code for proteins that perform most life functions?

Answer 28

20,000 to 25,000

Question 29

This is a replicated condensed chromosome with sister chromatids.

Answer 29

Metaphase Chromosome

Question 30

What mechanism allows the nucleus to fit 2 meters of DNA per chromosome?

Answer 30

hypercoiling

Question 31

Linker in Histone protein

Answer 31

h1

Question 32

Characteristic appearance of Histone

Answer 32

spools pf threads / prayer beads

Question 33

What stain is used in electron microscopy to blacken the film?

Answer 33

osmium tetroxide

Question 34

Second unit of organization after histones

Answer 34

Nucleosomes

Question 35

Characteristic appearance of nucleosome

Answer 35

beads on a string

Question 36

This is formed after further looping of nucleosomes.

Answer 36

Solenoid

Question 37

These proteins provide and support the further looping from chromatin to chromosome.

Answer 37

Structural proteins (scaffold proteins)

Question 38

T/F: Chromatin or sister chromatids is still diploidy because they have 1 centromeric region.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

This is the central region where sister chromatids are linked, and is the site of primary transcription.

Answer 39

Centromere

Question 40

T/F: The centromere contains several hundred kilobases, approximately around 100,00 base pairs.

Answer 40

True

Question 41

These span the centromeric region and does not code for proteins or genes. It is mainly for protection since these can be found to where microtubules will connect.

Answer 41

Satellite DNA / repetitive DNA sequences

Question 42

This is the region where information around the centromere can be found.

Answer 42

Pericentromeric region

Question 43

T/F: Information can be found before the centromere, and after the telomere.

Answer 43

False before telomere

Question 44

This is the region responsible for chromosomal movement at cell division.

Answer 44

Centromere

Question 45

These refers to non-coding regions and is sometimes used to identify individuals.

Answer 45

Satellite DNA

Question 46

CNVs stand for?

Answer 46

Copy Number Variants

Question 47

These refer to the unique repeated DNA sequence in an individual used for DNA profiling in crime scenes, or paternity testing.

Answer 47

Copy Number Variants (CNVs)

Question 48

Short arm

Answer 48

p (petite)

Question 49

Long arm

Answer 49

q (queues) or g (grande)

Question 50

T/F: The arms are similar to each other in length when counting by bases.

Answer 50

True

Question 51

This refers to two identical strands which are the result of DNA replication.

Answer 51

Chromatids

Question 52

This is a classical staining technique used to identify the parts of the chromosome, and whether it is a euchromatic or heterochromatic region.

Answer 52

Giemsa banding (G-banding)

Question 53

Colometric banding techniques

Answer 53

Giemsa banding (G-banding) Reverse banding (R-banding) Constitutive heterochromatin banding (C-banding)

Question 54

Fluorescent banding technique

Answer 54

Quinacrine banding (Q-banding)

Question 55

What is Giemsa stain made up of?

Answer 55

methylene blue-eosin methylene blue

Question 56

T/F: Constitutive heterochromatin banding (C-banding) also utilizes the Giemsa stain.

Answer 56

True

Question 57

Arrange the order of chromosome nomenclature.

Answer 57

1. Chromosome number 2. Chromosome Arm 3. Band 4. Sub-band 5. Sub-sub-band

Question 58

This disease affects T cells and present with structural malformation.

Answer 58

DiGeorge Syndrome

Question 59

22q11.2

Answer 59

DiGoerge Syndrome

Question 60

This is the area of a chromosome that is stained and should be a protein coding region (Euchromatin).

Answer 60

Band

Question 61

T/F: Bands can be seen with Giemsa, but sub bands are more targeted using molecular techniques.

Answer 61

True

Question 62

What symbol is used for microdeletion?

Answer 62

Delta

Question 63

7q31.2

Answer 63

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR)

Question 64

The most common gene for Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 64

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR)

Question 65

This is where microtubules attach and is often partnered with MTOC.

Answer 65

Kinetochore

Question 66

This is a family of tandemly repeated nontranscribed sequences.

Answer 66

Alphoid

Question 67

Single centromere

Answer 67

Monocentric

Question 68

This is reliably transmitted from parental to daughter cells.

Answer 68

Monocentric

Question 69

T/F: Monocentric chromosomes are known as the normal chromosome.

Answer 69

True

Question 70

Two centromeres

Answer 70

Dicentric

Question 71

Genetically unstable because it is not transmitted in a predictable fashion and may dissolve due to improper number of centromeric regions.

Answer 71

Dicentric

Question 72

Lacks centromere

Answer 72

Acentric

Question 73

Genetically unstable because they cannot be maneuvered properly during cell division and is lost, since there is no area where microtubules connect.

Answer 73

Acentric

Question 74

In what phase of the cell cycle do acentric chromosomes stay?

Answer 74

Metaphase

Question 75

These chromosomes are seen in cancers.

Answer 75

Acentric Dicentric

Question 76

T/F: If the centromeres in a dicentric chromosome is close together, they do not get transmitted properly and will not cause aneuploidy.

Answer 76

False they will act as a single unit and causes a change in no. of chromosomes (magiging kulang)

Question 77

This is the site in which breakage might happen and cause to give out an acentric fragment.

Answer 77

Fragile site