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2S CYTOGEN > U4: CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE + CHROMOSOMES BASED ON NUMBERS > Flashcards

U4: CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE + CHROMOSOMES BASED ON NUMBERS Flashcards

1
Q

Threadlike structures or “colored bodies”

A

Chromosome

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2
Q

Chroma

A

color

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3
Q

Soma

A

body

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4
Q

T/F: The chromosome is described as colored body due to the advent of staining in the nucleus.

A

True

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5
Q

This is made up of proteins, a single molecule of DNA, and some minute RNA.

A

Chromosome

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6
Q

This is the primary organization protein in DNA.

A

Histone

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7
Q

This protein allows for the maximal looping of DNA threads for it to be smaller and be a better fit with the nucleus.

A

Histone

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8
Q

This protein allows for the condensation of chromosomal DNA.

A

Histone

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9
Q

Pattern of Histone

A

8 subunits (4 pairs) + 1 linker

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10
Q

Subunits in Hemoglobin (quarternary structure)

A

4 subunits

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11
Q

Subunits in Myoglobin

A

1 subunit

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12
Q

CSPs stand for?

A

Chromosome Structural Proteins

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13
Q

CPPs stand for?

A

Chromosome Peripheral Proteins

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14
Q

CCPs stand for?

A

Chromosome Coating Proteins

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15
Q

CFPs stand for?

A

Chromosome Fibrous Proteins

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16
Q

FORMATIVE: This is responsible for signaling cascades, promoting the localization of signaling molecules at specific sites and coordinating positive and negative feedback signals for pathway regulation.

A

Scaffold Proteins

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17
Q

T/F: The chromosomal RNA has its own distinct forms but does not contain transcription factors.

A

False

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18
Q

These code for transcription factors.

A

Introns

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19
Q

In ____, chromosomes ensure daughter cell retains its own complete genetic complement.

A

Mitosis

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20
Q

In ____, chromosomes enable each mature ovum and sperm to contain a unique single set of parental genes.

A

Meiosis

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21
Q

What mechanisms in Meiosis are responsible for ensuring that the gametes contain a unique single set of parental genes?

A

Recombination
Crossing over
Chiasmata formation

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22
Q

No. of autosomes

A

44

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23
Q

This term refers to other DNA materials found in the mitochondria or outside the nucleus.

A

Extra-chromosomal DNA

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24
Q

This refers to non - nuclear chromosomal content.

A

Extra-chromosomal DNA

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25
Q

In which cells can extra-chromosomal DNA can also be found?

A

cancer cells

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26
Q

The chromosome can expand up to?

A

2 meters

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27
Q

Approximately how many base pairs per set of chromosomes can be found in the DNA?

A

3 billion

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28
Q

Approximately how many genes code for proteins that perform most life functions?

A

20,000 to 25,000

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29
Q

This is a replicated condensed chromosome with sister chromatids.

A

Metaphase Chromosome

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30
Q

What mechanism allows the nucleus to fit 2 meters of DNA per chromosome?

A

hypercoiling

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31
Q

Linker in Histone protein

A

h1

32
Q

Characteristic appearance of Histone

A

spools pf threads / prayer beads

33
Q

What stain is used in electron microscopy to blacken the film?

A

osmium tetroxide

34
Q

Second unit of organization after histones

A

Nucleosomes

35
Q

Characteristic appearance of nucleosome

A

beads on a string

36
Q

This is formed after further looping of nucleosomes.

A

Solenoid

37
Q

These proteins provide and support the further looping from chromatin to chromosome.

A

Structural proteins (scaffold proteins)

38
Q

T/F: Chromatin or sister chromatids is still diploidy because they have 1 centromeric region.

A

True

39
Q

This is the central region where sister chromatids are linked, and is the site of primary transcription.

A

Centromere

40
Q

T/F: The centromere contains several hundred kilobases, approximately around 100,00 base pairs.

A

True

41
Q

These span the centromeric region and does not code for proteins or genes. It is mainly for protection since these can be found to where microtubules will connect.

A

Satellite DNA / repetitive DNA sequences

42
Q

This is the region where information around the centromere can be found.

A

Pericentromeric region

43
Q

T/F: Information can be found before the centromere, and after the telomere.

A

False

before telomere

44
Q

This is the region responsible for chromosomal movement at cell division.

A

Centromere

45
Q

These refers to non-coding regions and is sometimes used to identify individuals.

A

Satellite DNA

46
Q

CNVs stand for?

A

Copy Number Variants

47
Q

These refer to the unique repeated DNA sequence in an individual used for DNA profiling in crime scenes, or paternity testing.

A

Copy Number Variants (CNVs)

48
Q

Short arm

A

p (petite)

49
Q

Long arm

A

q (queues) or g (grande)

50
Q

T/F: The arms are similar to each other in length when counting by bases.

A

True

51
Q

This refers to two identical strands which are the result of DNA replication.

A

Chromatids

52
Q

This is a classical staining technique used to identify the parts of the chromosome, and whether it is a euchromatic or heterochromatic region.

A

Giemsa banding (G-banding)

53
Q

Colometric banding techniques

A

Giemsa banding (G-banding)
Reverse banding (R-banding)
Constitutive heterochromatin banding (C-banding)

54
Q

Fluorescent banding technique

A

Quinacrine banding (Q-banding)

55
Q

What is Giemsa stain made up of?

A

methylene blue-eosin
methylene blue

56
Q

T/F: Constitutive heterochromatin banding (C-banding) also utilizes the Giemsa stain.

A

True

57
Q

Arrange the order of chromosome nomenclature.

A
  1. Chromosome number
  2. Chromosome Arm
  3. Band
  4. Sub-band
  5. Sub-sub-band
58
Q

This disease affects T cells and present with structural malformation.

A

DiGeorge Syndrome

59
Q

22q11.2

A

DiGoerge Syndrome

60
Q

This is the area of a chromosome that is stained and should be a protein coding region (Euchromatin).

A

Band

61
Q

T/F: Bands can be seen with Giemsa, but sub bands are more targeted using molecular techniques.

A

True

62
Q

What symbol is used for microdeletion?

A

Delta

63
Q

7q31.2

A

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR)

64
Q

The most common gene for Cystic Fibrosis

A

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR)

65
Q

This is where microtubules attach and is often partnered with MTOC.

A

Kinetochore

66
Q

This is a family of tandemly repeated nontranscribed sequences.

A

Alphoid

67
Q

Single centromere

A

Monocentric

68
Q

This is reliably transmitted from parental to daughter cells.

A

Monocentric

69
Q

T/F: Monocentric chromosomes are known as the normal chromosome.

A

True

70
Q

Two centromeres

A

Dicentric

71
Q

Genetically unstable because it is not transmitted in a predictable fashion and may dissolve due to improper number of centromeric regions.

A

Dicentric

72
Q

Lacks centromere

A

Acentric

73
Q

Genetically unstable because they cannot be maneuvered properly during cell division and is lost, since there is no area where microtubules connect.

A

Acentric

74
Q

In what phase of the cell cycle do acentric chromosomes stay?

A

Metaphase

75
Q

These chromosomes are seen in cancers.

A

Acentric
Dicentric

76
Q

T/F: If the centromeres in a dicentric chromosome is close together, they do not get transmitted properly and will not cause aneuploidy.

A

False

they will act as a single unit and causes a change in no. of chromosomes (magiging kulang)

77
Q

This is the site in which breakage might happen and cause to give out an acentric fragment.

A

Fragile site

2S CYTOGEN (15 decks)

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