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2S CYTOGEN > U7: KARYOTYPE STAINING PART 1 > Flashcards

U7: KARYOTYPE STAINING PART 1 Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Karyotyping is under what branch of cytogenetics?

A

Classical

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2
Q

T/F: Karyotyping is one of the oldest staining methods.

A

T

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3
Q

Karyotyping is modernized due to?

A

automation

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4
Q

This refers to a staining stimulation in which after the computer arranges the chromosome, it assigns a color to each respective chromosome.

A

Color coding

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5
Q

This is the number and appearance of chromosome in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

A

Karyotype

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6
Q

T/F: Karyotyping refers to the entire process of producing the Karyogram.

A

T

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7
Q

Information on the karyotype:

_____ of the chromosome

A

Size

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8
Q

Information on the karyotype:

________ of centromere

A

Position

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9
Q

Information on the karyotype:

Presence of _______ _________

A

secondary constrictions

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10
Q

Information on the karyotype:

Size of _______

A

Satellites

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11
Q

Information on the karyotype:

Presence of this indicates diseases.

A

Secondary constrictions

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12
Q

Definition of terms

comes from the Greek word “Karyon

A

Karyotype

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13
Q

Definition of terms

Greek word that means “nucleus”

A

Karyon

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14
Q

Definition of terms

The study of whole sets of chromosomes

A

Karyology

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15
Q

Definition of terms

the standard format of representing chromosomes as diagram when the haploid set of chromosomes of an organism are ordered in a series of decreasing size

A

Idiogram or Karyogram

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16
Q

Definition of terms

What set of chromosomes are ordered in a series of decreasing size?

A

Haploid

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17
Q

Definition of terms

In what order are chromosomes arranged?

A

Decreasing order in size

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18
Q

Types of Karyotype

show larger differences between smaller and larger chromosome in a set

A

Asymmetric karyotype

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19
Q

Types of Karyotype

Have more acrocentric chromosomes and relatively advanced feature

A

Asymmetric karyotype

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20
Q

Types of Karyotype

Asymmetric karyotype show l______ differences between smaller and larger chromosome in a set. Have more a________ chromosomes and r______ advanced feature

A

larger, acrocentric, relatively

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21
Q

Types of Karyotype

show lesser difference between smaller and larger chromosome in a set

A

Symmetric karyotype

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22
Q

Types of Karyotype

Have more metacentric chromosomes and no advanced feature

A

Symmetric karyotype

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23
Q

Types of Karyotype

Symmetric karyotype show l_____ difference between smaller and larger chromosome in a set. Have more m______ chromosomes and n___ advanced feature

A

lesser, metacentric, no

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24
Q

In 1931, this Russian scientist suggested that in flowering plants there is a predominant trend towards karyotype asymmetry

A

Grigorii Andreevich Levitzky

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25
What predominant trend is seen in flowering plants according to Levitzky?
Karyotype asymmetry
26
In what plants is karyotype asymmetry observed by Levitzky?
genus Crepis
27
Plant with symmetric karyotype
Pinus
28
Plant with asymmetric karyotype
Gingko biloba
29
This refers to a proportion of metacentric, acrocentric chromosomes in a set.
Degree of asymmetry
30
Ratio between size of largest and smallest chromosomes in a set.
Degree of asymmetry
31
Degree of asymmetry __________ of metacentric, acrocentric chromosomes in a set.
Proportion
32
Degree of asymmetry _________ between size of largest and smallest chromosomes in a set.
Ratio
33
Interpretation of Degree of asymmetry
Higher proportion of acrocentric chromosomes, greater value of size ratio, more asymmetrical
34
Degree of asymmetry ↑ proportion of _____ chromosomes
acrocentric
35
Degree of asymmetry ↑ proportion of acrocentric chromosome, ↑ value of ______
size ratio
36
Degree of asymmetry ↑ proportion of acrocentric chromosome, ↑ value of size ratio
↑ asymmetric karyotype
37
Process of pairing and ordering all the chromosomes of an organism to provide a genome-wide snapshot of individual's chromosomes
Karyotyping
38
T/F: Karyotyping starts from staining.
T
39
What does karyotyping provide?
genome-wide snapshot of individual's chromosomes
40
Karyotypes are prepared using s_______ s_______ p________
standardized staining procedures
41
These produce banding patterns and reveal characteristic structural features.
standardized staining procdures
42
This can reveal subtle structural changes and can reveal changes in chromosome number with aneuploid conditions.
Karyotyping analysis
43
Dark staining
Heterochromatin
44
Light staining
Euchromatin
45
This makes DNA compact, and stops gene expression.
Methylation
46
_________ of DNA and histones causes nucleosomes to pack tightly together. Transcription factors cannot bind the DNA, and genes are n____ e_________.
Methylation, not expressed
47
This makes DNA loose and opens it for gene expression.
Acetylation
48
__________ results in loose packing of nucleosomes. Transcription factors can bind the DNA and genes are e________.
Acetylation, expressed
49
Materials needed for Karyotyping
* Sterile 5 mL syringe * 21-gauge syringe needle * Conical tubes (15mL) * Green-top Vacutube * Glass slides * Pasteur Pipette * Pipettor and tips * Serological Pipette
50
Reagents needed for Karyotyping
* Glacial acetic acid * Methanol * KCl (hypotonic solution) * RPMI Growth Medium * Fetal Bovine Serum * Phytohemagglutinin * Colcemid * Giemsa Dye * Trypsin
51
Equipment for Karyotyping
* Centrifuge * Incubator at 37° CO * Refrigerator * Inverted Microscope * Light Microscope
52
Materials needed for Karyotyping Syringe volume and gauge
5mL, 21-gauge
53
Materials needed for Karyotyping Size of Conical Tubes
15mL
54
Materials needed for Karyotyping Color of Vacutube top
Green (Sodium Heparin)
55
Reagents needed for Karyotyping Has bicarbonate
RPMI Growth Medium
56
Reagents needed for Karyotyping Source of Albumin
Fetal Bovine Serum
57
Reagents needed for Karyotyping Stimulates mitosis, can agglutinate
Phytohemagglutinin
58
Reagents needed for Karyotyping Arrest cells in mitosis, specifically metaphase stage
Colcemid
59
Reagents needed for Karyotyping This is a digestive enzyme, and is partnered with Giemsa
Trypsin
60
T/F: Carbon dioxide in the incubator is used to balance the bicarbonate of RPMI Growth Medium.
T
61
5 Major Steps in Karyotyping
1. Short term lymphocyte culture 2. Harvesting of lymphocytes 3. Fixing the cells 4. Making the chromosome slides 5. Slide analysis
62
First step in Karyotyping
1. Short term lymphocyte culture
63
Short term lymphocyte culture How many ml of venous blood is drawn?
10 to 20 ml
64
T/F: If peripheral leukocyte culture is the first step, then that is the start of the karyotype process.
T
65
Definition of terms This means "husk"
Karyon
66
Definition of terms What can be observed in whole sets of chromosomes?
Genetic conditions
67
T/F: The degree of asymmetry can be used for new species.
T
68
T/F: It is still called "genome-wide" if not all 23 pairs are present.
F ; All 23 pairs must be present
69
T/F: You can detect SNPs, point mutations, microdeletions, etc. in a karyotype.
F ; Use molecular cytogenetics
70
Test for source of specimens
Amniocentesis, Chorionic villus
71
Pink stain
Eosin
72
T/F: Some kinds of methylation proceed with transcription, but it mainly stops gene expression.
T
73
T/F: Anticoagulated blood cells are needed for karyotyping.
T
74
Reagents needed for Karyotyping This refers to pure acetic acid.
Glacial acetic acid
75
Reagents needed for Karyotyping CH3COOH
Glacial acetic acid
76
Reagents needed for Karyotyping CH3OH
Methanol
77
Reagents needed for Karyotyping This refers to a salt, hypotonic solution.
KCl (Potassium Chloride)
78
Reagents needed for Karyotyping RPMI stands for?
Roswell Park Memorial Institute So UNSERIOUS???
79
Reagents needed for Karyotyping This is used for growth in peripheral leukocyte culture.
RPMI Growth Medium
80
T/F: RPMI Growth Medium can also be used with cancer cells.
T
81
Reagents needed for Karyotyping Is acting as a mitogen in karyotyping, but is also called a "Lectin" (plant product, carbohydrate) which is also used to classify cells in the body
Phytohemagglutinin
82
Reagents needed for Karyotyping This is produced by the pancreas and is found in the gastrointestinal tract
Trypsin
83
Equipment needed for Karyotyping Source of buffering for pH maintenance in RPMI (with bicarbonate)
Incubator at 37C with CO2
84
What is used for culture in adults?
Peripheral lymphocyte
85
What is used for culture in children or infants?
Amniocentesis (skin cells from embryo), Chorion (cord)
86
What is used to lyse RBCs?
Glacial acetic acid
87
Out of all WBCs, _________ are stimulated by mitogens.
Lymphocytes
88
How many days should you incubate the culture medium?
2 to 3 days
89
What reagent and how many hours should you add to the culture to stop mitosis in metaphase?
Colcemid, 1 to 2 hours

2S CYTOGEN (16 decks)

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