U4 L1 Printing Technology Through The Years

Question 1

What did Ancient civilizations in Egypt and Sumeria use to make sheets?

Answer 1

papyrus pressed together

Question 2

When did a member of the Chinese Han Dynasty emperor’s court invent paper?

Answer 2

AD 105

Question 3

What does the word paper derive from?

Answer 3

papyrus

Question 4

How is paper made?

Answer 4

• wood/cotton/flax plant
• break down into fibers
• submerge in water
• mesh screen makes thin layer
• when dried, becomes sheet

Question 5

Recycling paper products was not promoted until when?

Answer 5

1970s

Question 6

When was block printing developed?

Answer 6

4-7th century

Question 7

What is xylography also called?

Answer 7

relief printing, today we call it letterpress

Question 8

When and where was the concept of movable type evolved?

Answer 8

China, 1040 AD

Question 9

What is movable type?

Answer 9

blocks of clay with characters are glued together and inked to form a copy

Question 10

By 1275 AD, what did the movable type in AD 1040 develop into?

Answer 10

wooden slugs

Question 11

Did China bring their printed materials to the masses/rest of the world? Why?

Answer 11

no, cultural restrictions and complexity of Chinese characters

Question 12

The alphabet of romance languages, including English, contains only how many characters?

Answer 12

26, less than Chinese characters

Question 13

When was Gutenberg’s first press made?

Answer 13

1452

Question 14

What was the material the Bibles printed with the Gutenberg press were printed with?

Answer 14

vellum

Question 15

What was vellum?

Answer 15

sheets used in printing, made of tanned hide

Question 16

What was the first movable-type printing press?

Answer 16

Gutenberg press

Question 17

When did the ‘power of the press’ begin?

Answer 17

invention of printing press

Question 18

What is the pros and cons of using paper to communicate?

Answer 18

P- readily available for use in many different forms

C- mass use of paper led to deforestation and waste

Question 19

What was the most important outcome of Gutenberg’s printing press?

Answer 19

production of written material for the masses

Question 20

What was intaglio?

Answer 20

• copper/zinc plates are engraved with picture/design

- wood block, background carved, raised image, opposite of engraving

Question 21

Where was intaglio invented?

Answer 21

Germany

Question 22

What was intaglio used for in the PAST?

Answer 22

• wallpaper
• fabric
• expensive magazines

Question 23

What is intaglio used for TODAY?

Answer 23

• printing currency
• printing passports
• expensive postage stamps

Question 24

When and what did William Ged invent?

Answer 24

• 1727, stereotype
• negative of engraved plate
• plaster poured onto an engraved plate, where a new plate can be made from that mold

Question 25

What is today's meaning of the word stereotype?

Answer 25

- psychological | - making assumptions based on physical features or other qualities

Question 26

When was the rotary press invented?

Answer 26

19th century

Question 27

Who, where, when was the rotary press invented?

Answer 27

- Richard M. Hoe - New York - 1847

Question 28

How did the rotary press work?

Answer 28

intaglio plates secured on cylinders that could be cranked and continuously fed with paper

Question 29

Who created the first linotype machine? And when?

Answer 29

- 1886 | - German inventor, Ottmar Mergenthaler

Question 30

How did the linotype machine work?

Answer 30

- type composed automatically - type compositor creates lines with keyboard - casted onto metal inside machine - allowed for font size and style to be composed with ease

Question 31

What was the linotype process nicknamed? And why?

Answer 31

hot type, molten lead letters that create it

Question 32

What was the linotype machine called? And why?

Answer 32

the blower, are needed to cool molten lead

Question 33

What was the most significant outcome of linotype printing?

Answer 33

cheaper printing

Question 34

When was the last time New York Times used hot type in the composing room for the morning edition?

Answer 34

1978

Question 35

How long did the age of hot type last?

Answer 35

nearly a century

Question 36

What replaced hot type and linotype?

Answer 36

cold type

Question 37

What is cold type?

Answer 37

method of printing where compositors sat and typed in computer terminals

Question 38

What did lithography and photo engraving allow for?

Answer 38

faster production of images and photos

Question 39

What do Lithographers and engravers do today?

Answer 39

create fine art and other materials

Question 40

When was the lithographers and Engravers International Union formed?

Answer 40

1964

Question 41

Offset linotype and phototypesetting paved the way to what?

Answer 41

digital compositing

Question 42

How was Offset lithography invented?

Answer 42

- 1903, by accident - Ira Washington Rubel - printing to rubber plate between metal plates and paper allowed process to be used in rotary press

Question 43

Does Offset printing use a second plate in the printing process?

Answer 43

yes

Question 44

When did Phototypesetting take over printing tech practices?

Answer 44

1940s

Question 45

What advancements did Digital Prepress and computer tech provide to printing?

Answer 45

- internal editing capabilities - see finished product before mass-produced - manipulation of color process (four-color CMYK) - designers can work with type elements

Question 46

What colors does CMYK include?

Answer 46

- cyan - magenta - yellow - black

Question 47

What does type elements include?

Answer 47

- font and font sizes - colors and shading - spacing in tracking and kerning

Question 48

What is clip art?

Answer 48

ready-to-use public domain illustrations

Question 49

What is tracking?

Answer 49

basically the space between letters (widening or narrowing type)

Question 50

What is kerning?

Answer 50

changing space between letters

Question 51

What are galleys?

Answer 51

pages of a layout before they are printed

Question 52

What is the pros and cons of digital transmission?

Answer 52

P-times can be better managed, staff reduced | C- file can be lost due to system incompatibilities, glitches, or crashes

Question 53

What is the pros and cons of digital publishing?

Answer 53

P- info can be created/distributed faster/efficiently | C- plagiarism, copyright, piracy