ugh Flashcards by Leuqa Duca

Define health in your own words

Dynamic state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being — not just absence of disease.

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Define one health in your own words

Collaborative, multi-sectoral approach at all levels to optimize health outcomes by recognizing the connection between people, animals, and the environment.

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3 ways vets use One Health in practice

Contextualize (history, farm visits, outbreak investigations)
Sustainable solutions (team-based problem-solving, AMR conflicts)
Advocate for change (animal welfare, societal expectations)

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List 3 live receiving/ante-mortem CFIA vet duties

Review farm/transport docs
Monitor for lame/sick animals
Observe offloading

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3 ways to prevent disease introduction into Canada

Risk assessment at port of entry
Biosecurity practices
Surveillance (active + passive)

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3 ways to prevent spread of reportable disease in Canada

Quarantine/control zones
Tracing
Destruction

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What rabies sample do you submit from a bat?

Entire bat

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What rabies sample do you submit from a dog?

Entire head (don’t remove brain)

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What rabies sample do you submit from a cow?

Entire brain (not mushy)

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Two major differences between narrative and systematic reviews

Systematic: replicable, structured, less bias
Narrative: not replicable, higher bias

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What is publication bias?

Negative or non-significant results not published

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What is selection bias?

Systematic difference in who is included

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What is recall bias?

People remember exposures differently depending on outcome

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What is observer bias?

Knowledge of exposure influences measurement

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What is confirmation bias?

Tendency to interpret new info as supporting existing beliefs

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Can you blind in cohort studies?

Yes — for example, blind the outcome assessors

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What is one similarity between cohort and RCT?

conduct comparison of different groups

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What is one difference between cohort and RCT?

cohort we watch, in RCTs we intervene

What confirms challenge in vaccine efficacy studies?

Confirmed exposure to pathogen via PCR, serology, or culture.

What does a p value of 0.06 mean?

considered not stat. significant, not enough to reject null hypothesis

Define biosecurity in the PED case context

Proactive management practices to prevent the introduction and spread of PED within/between farms.

Major difference between All perils and targetted approach

all perils = high biosecurity, protect against everything, difficult. Targetted = rational, prevention programs, specific disease, cost effective

Which biosecurity approach is best for PED: all perils or targeted?

Targeted — more cost-effective and sustainable for pig-specific disease.

3 vet discussions with clients about biosecurity

Cleaning/disinfection of equipment
Visitor access control
Quarantine/downtime protocols

2 reasons to avoid annual heartworm testing in Toronto

1. Very low infection risk 2. Preventatives work well

Why is January heartworm testing problematic?

Antigen only shows 6–7 months post-infection — infections after summer may be missed

What is buller-steer syndrome?

Repeated mounting of one steer by penmates in feedlots

what are the impacts of buller steer syndrome?

possible injury, or death, costs related to treatment, negative welfare.

2 ways to reduce poor handling in cattle

1. Habituate to handling facilities 2. Use good facility design (lighting, low novelty)

Name 2 highly motivated behaviors in hens

1. Nesting 2. Perching

Can nesting and perching be achieved in enriched/furnished cage system and non cage system?

Yes, both can.

Name one natural behavior of horses affected by housing and explain

Foraging — horses graze most of the day, but are fed in meals, causing frustration and boredom cribbing

Describe one welfare issue in sow management and its impact

Gestation crates restrict movement and rooting behavior, leading to frustration and repetitive behaviors

How to treat resource guarding?

Don’t compete for resources, remove triggers, do not take away item, trade up and teach drop it/leave it

D & CC plan for dog afraid of men

1. Desensitize with calm exposure at distance 2. Counter-condition with treats 3. Gradually increase duration and proximity

How to treat dog with separation anxiety?

Desensitize to leaving cues, practice short absences, use enrichment/toys

What would you recommend to owner with 14 month old dog that urinates and defecates in house?

rule out medical issues, then reestablish housetrainning basics/triggers with reward based training.

#1 recommendation to prevent play-related aggression in cats

Never use hands to play

2 welfare issues related to outdoor cats

1. Wildlife predation 2. Risk of disease, injury

Difference between dominance and leadership training methods

Dominance = force/intimidation; Leadership = consistency and positive reinforcement

When is it safe to bring puppy to puppy classes?

1 week post first vaccination round

When should socialization occur for a puppy and kitten?

puppy = 3-16, kitten = 2-9 weeks

What is most likely DX for a dog with a bunch of symptoms, yada yada

Cognitive dysfunction, similar to dog dementia, tx = enrichment, regular schedule