virology

Question 1

What is the envelope status of Parvoviridae?

Answer 1

Parvoviridae are non-enveloped DNA viruses.

Question 2

What are the clinical signs of Canine parvovirus?

Answer 2

Gastroenteritis, myocarditis, hemorrhagic diarrhea, vomiting, lymphopenia.

Question 3

What are the clinical signs of Feline panleukopenia?

Answer 3

Acute dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting, leukopenia.

Question 4

What congenital condition is caused by Feline panleukopenia?

Answer 4

Cerebellar hypoplasia if infected during the last 2 weeks of pregnancy.

Question 5

What disease does Porcine parvovirus cause?

Answer 5

Reproductive failure in sows.

Question 6

What disease is caused by Beak and feather disease virus?

Answer 6

Necrotic or abnormal feathers, often mild or subclinical.

Question 7

List diseases caused by Porcine circovirus.

Answer 7

Dermatitis, kidney disease, PMWS (post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome), abortions.

Question 8

What does Budgerigar fledgling disease cause?

Answer 8

High mortality, hemorrhage, and pale musculature.

Question 9

What are severe signs of Canine papillomavirus?

Answer 9

Warts that interfere with eating and breathing.

Question 10

What are general characteristics of alpha herpesviruses?

Answer 10

Fast-growing, cause epithelial lesions, latency in sensory ganglia.

Question 11

What does Feline herpesvirus cause?

Answer 11

Rhinotracheitis and upper respiratory disease.

Question 12

What are the signs of Bovine herpesvirus infection?

Answer 12

Rhinotracheitis, vulvovaginitis, enteritis, lifelong latency.

Question 13

What is the most important viral cause of abortion in horses?

Answer 13

Equine herpesvirus, which causes liver necrosis and abortions.

Question 14

What are the clinical forms of Marek’s disease?

Answer 14

Classical: paralysis; Acute: organ nodules; Ocular: iris inflammation; Cutaneous: feather follicle lesions.

Question 15

What disease is caused by Suid herpesvirus 2?

Answer 15

Mucopurulent rhinitis and fetal mummification. Reportable disease.

Question 16

What causes Malignant catarrhal fever in Canada and Africa?

Answer 16

Ovine herpesvirus 2 (Canada), Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (Africa).

Question 17

What is the outcome of Malignant catarrhal fever?

Answer 17

Invariably fatal lymphoproliferative disease in cattle.

Question 18

Where are Poxviridae lesions typically found?

Answer 18

On the skin and mucous membranes.

Question 19

What species are affected by Capripox?

Answer 19

Sheep and goats.

Question 20

What are signs of Capripox infection?

Answer 20

Fever, meat and milk production loss, skin and mucosal lesions.

Question 21

What are signs of Bovine papular stomatitis virus?

Answer 21

Papular/erosive muzzle, lip, and mouth lesions; zoonotic; resembles foot and mouth disease.

Question 22

What are clinical signs of Orf virus (contagious ecthyma)?

Answer 22

Papular mucocutaneous lesions; zoonotic.

Question 23

What are the forms of Fowlpox?

Answer 23

Cutaneous form (skin pox lesions) and diphtheric form (oral exudate).

Question 24

What is the causative agent of African swine fever?

Answer 24

Asfivirus (Asfarviridae).

Question 25

Which cells does African swine fever virus infect?

Answer 25

Monocytes and macrophages.

Question 26

What is the vector for African swine fever?

Answer 26

Ticks (biological vectors).

Question 27

Describe the transmission cycle of African swine fever in Africa.

Answer 27

Domestic and sylvatic cycles between warthogs and ticks.

Question 28

What does Canine adenovirus cause?

Answer 28

Primarily hepatitis; also mild respiratory signs.

Question 29

What is the 'blue eye' symptom in dogs?

Answer 29

Corneal opacity/edema caused by canine adenovirus.

Question 30

What disease is caused by Picornaviridae in livestock?

Answer 30

Foot and mouth disease.

Question 31

Which animals are most affected by Foot and Mouth Disease?

Answer 31

Cattle and pigs.

Question 32

Is Foot and Mouth Disease zoonotic?

Answer 32

Yes, it causes flu-like symptoms in humans.

Question 33

What species is primarily affected by Caliciviruses?

Answer 33

Felines (cats).

Question 34

What are signs of Calicivirus infection in cats?

Answer 34

Oral ulcers, upper respiratory disease, systemic disease in virulent strains.

Question 35

How is Calicivirus transmitted?

Answer 35

Horizontally through air.

Question 36

Does Calicivirus provide lifelong immunity?

Answer 36

No.

Question 37

What are the two biotypes of BVDV (Flaviviridae)?

Answer 37

Non-cytopathic (persistent infection) and cytopathic.

Question 38

How are Togaviruses transmitted?

Answer 38

Via arthropods (they are arboviruses).

Question 39

What does Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus cause?

Answer 39

Paralysis and death.

Question 40

What is the most economically important swine disease?

Answer 40

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS).

Question 41

What season is PRRS most commonly seen?

Answer 41

Winter, due to better virus survival at low temperatures.

Question 42

What are key clinical signs of PRRS?

Answer 42

Subclinical disease, cyanotic ears, interstitial pneumonia, SMEDI, abortions.

Question 43

What enteric disease is caused by porcine coronavirus?

Answer 43

Diarrhea and enteritis with villus atrophy.

Question 44

What type of infections does coronavirus cause in avians, dogs, and pigs?

Answer 44

Respiratory infections.

Question 45

What is Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)?

Answer 45

Immune-mediated disease caused by mutated feline coronavirus.

Question 46

What are the two forms of FIP?

Answer 46

Wet form: thick peritoneal exudate. Dry form: pyogranulomas.

Question 47

What is the pathogenesis of FIP?

Answer 47

Viral spike protein mutates and enables replication in macrophages, causing vascular injury and leakage.

Question 48

How is FIP diagnosed?

Answer 48

Immunohistochemistry (IHC).

Question 49

What are the two genetic variation mechanisms in Reoviridae?

Answer 49

Genetic drift (small mutations) and shift (sudden recombination).

Question 50

What disease is caused by Rotavirus?

Answer 50

Diarrhea due to malabsorption and villus atrophy.

Question 51

What disease is caused by Bluetongue virus?

Answer 51

Cyanosis of lips/tongue in sheep; it is an arbovirus.

Question 52

What is the function of hemagglutinin in influenza viruses?

Answer 52

Attachment and fusion to host cells.

Question 53

What is the function of neuraminidase in influenza viruses?

Answer 53

Release of virus from infected cells.

Question 54

How is influenza transmitted in birds?

Answer 54

Fecal-oral route.

Question 55

How is influenza diagnosed?

Answer 55

PCR, with sequencing required to determine pathogenicity.

Question 56

What virus causes Newcastle disease in birds?

Answer 56

Avian paramyxovirus (9 serotypes).

Question 57

What are the 4 pathotypes of Newcastle disease?

Answer 57

Asymptomatic, Lentogenic (mild), Mesogenic (moderate), Velogenic (severe).

Question 58

What is the pathotype associated with hemorrhagic and neurological signs?

Answer 58

Velogenic.

Question 59

What disease is caused by Rinderpest virus?

Answer 59

Cattle plague with oral mucosal necrosis.

Question 60

What are the clinical signs of Canine distemper virus?

Answer 60

Immunosuppression, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, GI/respiratory/neuro signs.

Question 61

What is 'hard pad disease' in dogs?

Answer 61

A chronic manifestation of canine distemper causing thickened footpads.

Question 62

What disease does Vesicular stomatitis virus cause?

Answer 62

Flu-like symptoms and lesions in horses, cattle, humans.

Question 63

What is a hallmark histological feature of Rabies?

Answer 63

Negri bodies in neurons.

Question 64

What is the common replication mechanism of retroviruses?

Answer 64

Reverse transcriptase converts RNA to DNA which integrates into host genome.

Question 65

What type of cells do retroviruses target?

Answer 65

CD4 lymphocytes.

Question 66

What disease does Bovine leukemia virus cause?

Answer 66

Enzootic bovine leukosis with lymphosarcomas.

Question 67

How is Bovine leukemia diagnosed?

Answer 67

PCR or ELISA.

Question 68

What are the FeLV subtypes and their effects?

Answer 68

FeLV-B: neoplasia; FeLV-C: anemia; FeLV-T: immunosuppression.

Question 69

How is Feline leukemia virus spread?

Answer 69

Saliva and tears; called 'friendly cat disease'.

Question 70

What is the pathogenesis of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus?

Answer 70

Lentivirus causing slow CD4+ T cell loss and immunodeficiency.