Uk Landscapes

Question 1

What is relief?

Answer 1

The height above sea level

Question 2

The upper course-

Answer 2

A steep gradient 
A v shaped valley
Narrow and shallow 
Lots of waterfalls so there can be gorge walking or jumping or white water rafting 
The velocity is large

Question 3

The middle course-

Answer 3

Gentle gradient 
Wider and flatter 
The river is wide and deep
They make good flood plains 
The main process of erosion is transportation 
The velocity is middle

Question 4

The lower course-

Answer 4

Very wide and flat 
Has large sediment load
The least incline 
A low velocity 
Used for sailing

Question 5

What is abrasion (erosion)-

Answer 5

Stones carry in the water and hit the banks of the rivers dislodging particles

Question 6

What is attrition (erosion)-

Answer 6

Particles bashing into one another in the flow of the river

Question 7

What is hydraulic action (erosion)-

Answer 7

The force of the water on the base of the river

Question 8

Solution (erosion)

Answer 8

Limestone rock slowly dissolving in mildly acidic water

Question 9

Traction (transportation)-

Answer 9

Heavy rocks and boulder being rolled across the river bed

Needs fastest velocity

Question 10

What is saltation (transportation)-

Answer 10

Very small particles of sand or clay being carried in the water

Question 11

What is solution (transportation)-

Answer 11

Material dissolved in water, it is invisible and does not colour the water
Needs slowest velocity

Question 12

How is a waterfall made?

Answer 12

1. Bands of hard rock ( limestone) over soft rock (sandstone)
2. Softer rock erodes creating a depression in the ground
3. This depression gets bigger and headward erosion starts to occur creating an overhang
4. The overhang eventually collapses
5. The collapsed overhang creates rocks in the plunge pool

Question 13

How are ox- bow lakes made?

Answer 13

The water flows around barriers such as large boulders
The sand is deposited to create a beach where the water is slow moving
The water is diverted and starts eroding he side of the river to create a river cliff which has very fast moving water
The old river beach starts to grow vegetation and destroy the river so it diverts even more tragically
During times do floods, the neck of the meander breaks through
Deposition starts to occur because the water isn’t flowing round the bends
Overtime the oxbow lake dries up by evaporation

Question 14

What is the fastest bit of the river called?

Answer 14

The Thalweg

Question 15

What are the impacts of flooding?

Answer 15

Less income from tourists 
Death
Spreading of illness- contamination 
No communication 
No transport
Home lost so insurance companies under stress
Looting
More fertile land 
Lower population 
People drowning 
Hospitals fuller

Question 16

What is discharge?

Answer 16

Measures in cumecs (cubic meters per second)
Cross section area * velocity
The amount of water flowing in the river measured

Question 17

What is hard engineering?

Answer 17

When man made structures are put in to stop erosion
❌
Expensive 
May effect natural habitat 
Eyesore 
✅
Effective 
Adds to tourist 
More reliable 
Will stay there for long time

Question 18

Soft engineering-

Answer 18

Involves working with natural river processes to stop erosion 
❌
Not as affective 
‘Do nothing’
✅
Not an eyesore
Does not destroy habitats
Less expensive