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Geography > Uk's Evolving Physical Landscape (2) > Flashcards

Uk's Evolving Physical Landscape (2) Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What type of rock is more present in the east of Uk?

A

Soft Rock (Areas eroding quicker)
- Clay and Chalk

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2
Q

What type of rock is more present in the west of Uk?

A

Hard Rock (Areas eroding less)
- Carboniferous limestone

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3
Q

Where are the uplands in the Uk?

A

Most of the upland in the Uk is located in Scotland

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4
Q

Characteristics of uplands

A

Uplands in the Uk are often rugged, with steep relief (difficult for growing crops) and weathered rocks

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5
Q

What is the upland used for?

A

Sheep farming, tourism, and paper-making

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6
Q

Where are the lowlands areas in the Uk?

A

Most of the lowland areas in Uk are found in the South and East of Uk

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7
Q

What are lowland areas used for?

A
  • The lowland areas are the best areas of the UK for farming. The soil is very fertile and the relief is very gentle
  • Cattle farming and carrot
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8
Q

Which are the largest cities in the Uk?

A

London and Birmingham

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9
Q

Where are large often found?

A

Close to water source close to lowland areas

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10
Q

What is the longest river in Uk?

A

River Severn

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11
Q

What are the 3 main rock types found in the Uk?

A
  • Igneous
  • Sedimentary
  • Metamorphic
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12
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Sedimentary rocks are formed when layers of sediments are compacted together over time

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13
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

Metamorphic rocks are formed when heat and pressure causes other rocks to change
- The resulting rocks are harder and more compact

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14
Q

Where are metamorphic rocks found?

A

In large bands across Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales

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15
Q

How are igneous rocks formed?

A

Igneous rocks are formed when magma from the Earth’s mantle cools and hardens

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16
Q

What is a typical property of igneous rocks?

A

They are hard

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17
Q

Where are igneous rocks found?

A

Scotland, Northern Ireland, north-west Wales and south-west and north England

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18
Q

THE UK WAS MUCH CLOSER TO A PLATE MARGIN 520 MILLION YEARS AGO

A

Active volcanoes at this boundary erupted magma onto the Uk landscape, which then cooled to form igneous rocks, such as granite

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19
Q

What are the oldest rocks in the Uk and where they are found?

A
  • Carboniferous limestones
  • They are found in the uplands of the Peak District, South Wales and south-west England
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20
Q

What are the youngest rocks in the Uk?

A
  • Chalk and clay
  • They are found in the lowlands
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21
Q

What led to the formation of hard metamorphic rocks in northern Scotland?

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A

The collision between plate boundaries, which generated intense heat and pressure

22
Q

How long ago was active volcanoes erupting magma onto the land that now makes up the Uk?

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A

520 million year ago

23
Q

Characteristics of Chalk

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A
  • Chalk is harder than clay
  • Forms escarpments in Uk lowlands and cliffs on the Uk’s coastlines
  • Chalk is permeable, water flows within it before emerging as a spring where the chalk meets impermeable rocks
24
Q

Characteristics of Clay

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A
  • Clay forms wide and flat valleys because it is easily eroded
  • There are lots of water featured in clay landscapes because the rock is impermeable and so water flows on the surface
25
Characteristics of Carboniferous limestones
- Limestone is heavily affected by carbonation weathering, creating limestone pavements and caverns - Because limestone is permeable, there are also dry valleys and resurgent rivers in limestone landscape
26
Characteristics of Granite
- Granite is very hard and resistant and so forms upland landscapes - Impermeable - Has lots of unevenly spread joints
27
What is erosion?
Erosion is the weathering away of rocks as a result of being picked up and moved elsewhere
28
Post-glacial processes
- At the end of glacial periods, rivers became much bigger and more powerful as melted ice flowed into them. This means that they eroded the landscape with great force - When the ice melted, distinctive glacial landforms (e.g. hanging valleys, truncated spurs, glacial troughs etc.) were left behind
29
What are weathering processes?
Mechanical, chemical and biological weathering describe the breakdown of rocks where they are
30
What are slope processes?
Slope processes include mass movement and soil creep
31
Agriculture
- Forest has been cleared to make space for agriculture - Hedgerows and walls have been installed to mark out field boundaries - Drainage ditches have been installed in some places to make the land dry enough to be farmed
32
What factors affect where settlements are built?
- Good water supply - Easy defence - Good shelter - Bridging points over rivers - Resource availability
33
How do settlements affect the landscape?
- Drainage patterns have been affected by concrete - Some rivers have been diverted through underground channels, others have been straightened and had embankments built
34
What type of woods used to dominate the Uk?
Deciduous
35
Explain how human activities have shaped the landscape in the Uk, using agriculture as an example.
- Forests have been cleaned - There have been installations of drainage ditches Farmers have cleared natural vegetation to create large, flat fields for crops. This has changed the natural landscape and created a patchwork of farmland with hedgerows and fences.
36
Explain how the climate during the Last Ice Age affected the landscape of the Uk
- Cold temperature led to the glacier formation/shaping of valleys/landforms such as moraines
37
Explain one reason why precipitation is higher in the western regions of the UK
Relief rainfall - Moist air from the Atlantic Ocean is blown in from the west, and when it reaches the upland areas, it is forced to rise, and as the air rises it cools causing the water vapour to condense and form clouds, leading to heavy rainfall
38
Explain one way in which tectonic processes have affected the physical landscape of the UK
Folding of rock layers and tectonic uplift, created upland areas
39
Explain two reasons why coastal erosion is faster in some parts of the UK, than in others
- The type of rock, where some coastlines, like those made of clay or sand, are soft rock and erode much more quickly than hard rocks - Energy of the waves, where waves with high-energy, such as in the west coast, causes more erosion
40
What river have you studied?
River Parrott
41
Characteristics from the upper course of a river
- Narrow, steeped sided, V-shaped valleys - Narrow, shallow, rocky - Vertical erosion dominates - Slower flow (rocky and lots of obstacles) - Forms waterfalls, and interlocking spurs
42
Characteristics from the lower course of a river
- Wide, flat valleys - Wide, deep, smooth - Lateral erosion dominates - Faster due to the larger volume of water - Forms meanders, oxbow lakes, levees - Small, smooth sediments
43
Characteristics from the middle course of a river
- The slope is moderate - The valley becomes wider and more opened - Wider and deeper than upper course - Faster than the upper course - Meanders, oxbow lakes and floodplains start to form
44
What are the types of erosion?
- Hydraulic action - Solution - Abrasion - Attrition
45
What is hydraulic action?
This happens when the force of the water hits the riverbanks and bed, forcing air and breaking pieces of rocks away, over time this widens and deepens the river channel
46
What is abrasion?
When the river drags rocks and sediments along the riverbed. These materials scrape and wear away the riverbanks and bed, acting like sandpaper
47
What is attrition?
Rocks and pebbles carried by the river collide with each other, breaking into smaller and smoother pieces over time
48
What is solution?
Certain types of rocks (limestone) dissolve slowly in acidic river water
49
How is a waterfall formed?
- A waterfall forms where a hard rock sits on top of a softer rock in the riverbed - The softer rock is eroded quickly by hydraulic action and abrasion, creating a step in the riverbed - As erosion continues, the step gets bigger, eventually forming a vertical drop - The falling water hits the base of the waterfall, creating a plunge pool through erosion - The falling water erodes the softer rock at the base, creating an undercut and an overhang of rock above - The overhang becomes unsupported and eventually collapses, causing the waterfall to move backwards
50
How does a meander forms?
- Slight bends develop in the middle and lower course of a river due to variation in the riverbed - On the outside of the bend, the water flows faster, causing lateral erosion (abrasion and hydraulic action) - On the inside of the bend, the water is slower, so deposition occurs
51
How does an oxbow lake forms?
- As the meander becomes more exaggerated, the neck of land between the bends becomes narrower - During flood or high flow, the river can break through the neck, creating a new straighter channel - The river flows along this new path, and deposition seals off the old bend - The old meander loop is left as a cut-off water body, known as oxbow lake

Geography (10 decks)

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