ULO1

Question 1

is the branch of philosophical study that investigates moral duties, values, and ideal human character. It involved explanation into the nature of right and wrong, good and evil, promises, and moral duties

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ethics

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duty-focused normative approach centered on rules from which all action its derived

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deontological

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outcome focused approach that places emphasis on results and protects the interest of the majority

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teleological

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the guiding principle for all conduct should be to achieve the greatest happiness for the greatest number and that criterion of the rightness wrongness of an action is whether it is useful in furthering this goal

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utilitarianism

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a person’s standards of behavior or beliefs concerning what is and what is not acceptable for them to do

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morals

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an acceptance that a statement is true or that something exists

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beliefs

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a person’s principles or standards of behavior; one’s judgement of what is important in life

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values

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a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning

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principles

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is the intense and critical examination of beliefs and assumptions

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philosophy

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is considered a character trait that is morally valued and that stems from the motivation to do right or good

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virtues

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a person’s outward bearing or way of behaving toward others

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manners

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seems to mean an ability to feel what is right and wrong in a given situation

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conscience

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defined as the calling requiring specialized knowledge and a principle calling, vocation, or employment

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profession

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is a document that provides patients with information that provides patients with information on how they can reasonably expect to be treated during their hospital stay

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patient’s bill of rights

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right to self determination, independence, and freedom to make their own choices

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autonomy

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defined as the making of choice between two or more equally undesirable alternatives

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ethical dilemma

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is a moral power of performing, possessing, or of requiring something which is due

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right

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moral obligation incumbent upon a person of doing or omitting something

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duty

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is the objective goal of the action

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moral object

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moral acceptability, not the legal meaning of conforming to a set of standards and requirements to be acceptable

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legitimate

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when your actions or words create a temptation to sin for others

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scandal`

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refers to the expression of one’s responsibility to take care, nurture, and cultivate what has been entrusted to him

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stewardship

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refers to each individuals duty to preserve a view of the whole human person in which the values of the intellect, will, conscience and fraternity are pre eminent

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integreity

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refers to the duty to preserve intact the physical component of the integrated bodily and spiritual nature of human life, whereby every part of the human body “exist for the sake of the whole as the imperfect for the sake of the perfect”

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totality

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ethical theories that are associated with duties and rights and that encourage judgement on the rightness of actions based on the duty of those involved, irrespective of any real or predicted consequences or outcomes

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deontological theories

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falls within the domain of moral theories that guide and assess our choices of what we ought to do

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deontology

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are obligations that we need to carry out and they generate rules that we feel we need to obey

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Duties

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ethical theory that are much more concerned with the goals and consequences of actions when making judgements on their appropriateness.

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Teleological Theory

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This ethical doctrines states that the rightness or wrongness of actions is determined by the goodness and badness for their consequences.

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Utilitarianism

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“Actions are good insofar as they tend to promote happiness, bad as they tend to produce unhappiness”

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Utilitarianism

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‘a label fixed to theories holding that actions are right or wrong according to the balance of their good or bad consequences’.

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consequentialism

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‘The right act in any circumstance is the one that produces the best overall result, as determined from an impersonal perspective that gives equal weight to the interests of each affected party’

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consequentialism

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Is an approach that focuses on character with the assumption that a person of good character will tend to behave in ways that are consistent with their character. A virtue ethics for nursing is therefore concerned with the character of individual nurses and seeks ways to enable nurses to develop character traits appropriate for actions that enhance wellbeing.

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Virtue Ethics

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is implied in much of the language used by nursing’s regulatory and professional bodies

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Virtue ethics

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are concepts and ideals that provide meaning to a person’s life. Personal values come from the family, school, religion and the norms of community and society.

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Personal values

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are those espoused by a profession.

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Professional values

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Two basic values of the nursing profession are

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competence and compassion

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described as the integration of the attitudes, knowledge, skills required for performance in a specific setting. The concept of competency embraces the first rule of health care professionals of doing no harm, know as non-maleficence.

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Competency

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One or more instances involving failure to adhere to the applicable standard of care to a degree which constitutes gross negligence, as determined by the board;

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Professional incompetencE

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described as being conscious of the feelings and concerns of others with the desire to listen and alleviate the distress.

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Compassion

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Promotes self -determination/ freedom of choice

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AUTONOMY

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is an important aspect of nursing and is concerned with obtaining the client’s permission to do a procedure. This respects another person’s autonomy by allowing them to make decisions and then values the decisions that they have made.

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Consent

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refers to what is owed between individuals, e.g. In conducting business transactions

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Cumulative Justice

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refer to what individuals owe to society for the common good.

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Contributive Justice

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refers to rights and responsibilities of citizens to obey and respect the rights of all and the laws devised to protect peace and social order.

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Legal Justice

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refers to what society owes to its individual members; e.g. the just allocation of resources

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Distributive justice

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The principle applies to a situation in which a good effect and an evil effect will result from good cause

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Principles of Double effect

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four conditions of the principle at issue must be met:

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-The act itself must be morally good or at least morally indifferent. -The bad effect is sometimes said to be indirectly voluntary. -The good effect must follow from the action at least as immediately as the bad effect. -The good effect must be sufficiently desirable to compensate for the allowing of the bad effect.

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-consist of an explicit intention and willingness for the evil act. The one formally cooperating categorically wills and intends the evil action.

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Formal cooperation

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Consists of an act other than the evil act itself but facilitates and contributes to its achievement. The one materially cooperating may provide means apart from the evil act itself which is used to carry out the performance of an evil act.

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Material Cooperation

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consists of direct participation in the performance of an evil act. The one directly cooperating gets involved by openly and straightforwardly taking part in the practice of an evil action.

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Direct cooperation

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consist of an act that is not intimately connected with the performance of an evil act as in formal or direct cooperation but whose effect may have an indirect bearing upon it.

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Indirect Cooperation

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consists of an act that is intimately linked with the performance of an evil action due to its close bearing.

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Proximate Cooperation

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consists of an act with a distant bearing upon or connection with the execution of an evil act.

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Remote Cooperation

Question 55

is a kind of sociological discipline adhered to and advocated by the church. Its moral implication is embedded in its meaning. Means that what an individual, lower or smaller group can achieve within his/her or its capacity should not be taken away and transmitted to the custody and performance of a higher or bigger group.

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The principle of subsidiarity

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declares that human life comes from God, and no individual is the master of his/ her own body.

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The principle of stewardship

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refers to the execution of responsibility of the health care practitioners to look after, provide necessary health care services, and promote the health and life of those entrusted to their care.

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Stewardship

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These principles dictates that the well -being of the whole person must be taken into account in deciding about any therapeutic intervention or use of technology.

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Principle of Totality and Integrity

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is that in which a person wills and requests that the procedure be done on himself or herself.

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Voluntary sterilization

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is that which is done by order of the public authority of state.

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Involuntary/ Compulsory sterilization

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means the removal of a reproductive organ or a portion thereof in order to save one’s life or to promote bodily integrity.

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Therapeutic Sterilization/contraceptive

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are performed for the purpose of hindering the conception of undesirable and physical or mentally unfit offspring.

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Eugenic and social sterilization

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is done as a punishment for crime or antisocial behavior, particularly rape and other sex related offenses.

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Punitive Sterilization