Ultrasound Pathology

Question 1

What happens to iodine requirements during pregnancy?

Answer 1

Iodine requirements rise

Question 2

What happens to iodine requirements during lactation?

Answer 2

Iodine requirements increase

Question 3

How can you estimate the iodine status of the region?

Answer 3

Volume of the thyroid

Question 4

Ultrasound findings:

Hypoechoic and heterogeneous.

Diagnosis?

Answer 4

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 5

Ultrasound findings:

Developing fibrosis.

Diagnosis?

Answer 5

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 6

Ultrasound findings:

Multiple prominent nodes in central and lateral neck is the norm.

Diagnosis?

Answer 6

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 7

Ultrasound findings:

Matted clustered nodes - often with abnormal shape and loss of hilar line.

Diagnosis?

Answer 7

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 8

Ultrasound findings:

Paratracheal nodes.

Diagnosis?

Answer 8

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 9

There is increased frequency of _____ cancer in Hashimoto’s.

Answer 9

Papillary cancer

Question 10

Ultrasound findings:

Mildly hypoechoic and heterogeneous.

Diagnosis?

Answer 10

Autoimmune thyroiditis

Question 11

Ultrasound findings:

Micronodular pattern

Diagnosis?

Answer 11

Autoimmune thyroiditis

Question 12

Ultrasound findings:

Swiss cheese patterns.

Diagnosis?

Answer 12

Autoimmune thyroiditis

Question 13

Ultrasound findings:

Macropseudonodular pattern

Diagnosis?

Answer 13

Autoimmune thyroiditis

Question 14

Ultrasound findings:

Profoundly hypoechoic pattern

Diagnosis?

Answer 14

Autoimmune thyroiditis

Question 15

Ultrasound findings:

Hyperechoic pattern

Diagnosis?

Answer 15

Autoimmune thyroiditis

Question 16

Ultrasound findings:

Speckled pattern

Diagnosis?

Answer 16

Autoimmune thyroiditis

Question 17

Very reactive lateral nodes bilaterally in a young person.

Diagnosis?

Answer 17

Infectious mononucleosis

Question 18

Thyroid inferno - hyper-vascular high velocity flow.

Diagnosis?

Answer 18

Graves’ disease

Question 19

What does the absence of blood flow in a thyrotoxic patient suggest?

Answer 19

Thyroiditis

Question 20

How does vascularity appear on ultrasound in thyroiditis?

Answer 20

Full spectrum for avascular to hyper-vascular

Question 21

Is thyroiditis always painful?

Answer 21

No - there are painless, post-partum variants

Question 22

What is the ultrasonographic appearance of lymphoma in thyroid?

Answer 22

Deeply hypoechoic

Question 23

Rapid growth of goiter should raise suspicion for…?

Answer 23

Lymphoma

Question 24

How is lymphoma in thyroid diagnosed?

Answer 24

Diagnosis by cytology and flow cytometry.

Question 25

Progressive growth of goiter or (pseudo)nodules should raise suspicion of ___________.

Answer 25

Neoplastic process

Question 26

Name three causes of goiter.

Answer 26

- Iodine deficiency - Organification defects - Auto-immune thyroiditis