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Understanding Self + Others Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

When does self-awareness emerge

A

18-24 months

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2
Q

How does self-awareness first present itself

A
  • Toddlers look at photos and notice themselves more than others
  • Refer to themselves with pronouns (my, mine, etc.)
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3
Q

self concept

A

our idea of self, constructed from our own beliefs + responses of others.

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4
Q

self concept in preschoolers

A

Self identifies based on:

  • physical traits
  • preferences
  • competencies
  • personal possessions
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5
Q

Self concept in school age children

A

Self-identifies based on

  • emotion
  • group membership
  • social comparisons
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6
Q

self-concept in adolescents

A

self-identifies based on

  • personality traits
  • attitudes + values
  • future goals + plans
  • depends on setting
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7
Q

Which of Erikson’s phases are adolescents in

A

Identity vs. identity confusion

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8
Q

what are the components of identity vs. identity confusion

A
  • adolescent egocentrism
  • imaginary audience
  • personal fable
  • illusion of invulnerability
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9
Q

adolescent egocentrism

A

wrongly believing that we are the focus of other people’s thinking/attention

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10
Q

imaginary audience

A

think peers are constantly watching our behaviour

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11
Q

personal fable

A

feeling that our feelings/experiences are unique

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12
Q

illusion of invulnerability

A

“it won’t happen to me”

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13
Q

What does identity status depend on

A

level of commitment and level of exploration

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14
Q

low commitment + low exploration

A

diffusion

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15
Q

diffusion

A

overwhelmed by task of achieving identity + does little to achieve one.

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16
Q

low exploration + high commitment

A

foreclosure

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17
Q

foreclosure

A

identity determined by adults rather than personal exploration

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18
Q

low commitment + high exploration

A

moratorium

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19
Q

moratorium

A

exploration of alternatives is in process

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20
Q

high exploration + high commitment

A

achievement

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21
Q

achievement

A

exploration complete, identity has been chosen

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22
Q

when are diffusion and foreclosure most common

A

adolescence

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23
Q

when are moratorium and achievement more common

A

adulthood

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24
Q

Ethnic identity

A

the feeling that one is a part of an ethnic group, and understands their customs/traditions.

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25
what are the 3 stages of developing an ethnic identity
1. lack of interest/exploration 2. becoming curious 3. achieving distinct ethnic self-concept
26
what is the best way to arm children to deal with discrimination
teach them about it before they experience it
27
what are the benefits of a strong ethnic identity
- higher self-esteem - more satisfying social relationships - less affected by discrimination
28
when do conflicts between parents and children arise in relation to ethnic identity
if the child is more acculturated than the parent
29
acculturation
process of integrating into and adopting customs of a different culture
30
multiracial identity is complex because of
social messages about race and cultural belonging
31
why do individuals ask multiracial people where they're from
human beings are hardwired to categorize everything that they see.
32
What causes the storm and stress associated with adolescence
increased autonomy can cause frictions with parents
33
who is distressed more by parent-child conflict
parents
34
generally, how do adolescents feel about their parents
- love parents/embrace parents values | - look to them for advice
35
how many adolescents experience depression
1/5
36
what are some depression risk factors
- genetics/low levels of neurotransmitters - stressful life circumstances - seeing oneself in a negative life
37
what can parents do to reduce depression in teens
- teach about depression - talk/listen/ask questions - connect them to resources
38
self-esteem
evaluation of one's own self-worth
39
what age does self esteem emerge
age 5
40
what 4 domains affect self esteem in kids
1. scholastic competence 2. athletic competence 3. social competence 4. physical appearance
41
what 3 new domains affect self esteem in adolescents
1. job competence 2. close friendships 3. romantic appeal
42
which domain affects self esteem the most
physical appearance
43
which age group has highest self esteem and why
preschoolers, they're egocentric
44
what happens to self esteem in elementary school
drops and then stablizes
45
what happens to self esteem in high school
drops temporarily and then stabilizes
46
why does self esteem drop in elementary school
they start to make social comparisons
47
how is self esteem different cross-culturally and why
NA/European kids have higher self esteem than Asian - more emphasis on modesty in asia, - less comparison socially - less willingness to admit to weakness in canada
48
what are the 2 sources of self esteem in kids
1. competencies in areas they care about | 2. perception of how others view us (parents, etc.)
49
sociometric theory
we judge ourselves based off relationships with others
50
How to promote self esteem in kids
1. provide warmth/affection/support 2. offer appropriate praise 3. set expectations, be willing to discuss rules/discipline 4. encourage to find talents/show interest in progress
51
what is appropriate praise
praising effort not abilities
52
why is overpraising bad
it can make children shy away from challenge
53
narcissist
- inflated self-perception - prone to depression/aggression - feel entitled/less committed to others
54
when do kids have rose coloured glasses towards others until
age 10
55
what are the 5 phases of perspective-taking (Selman)
``` 3-6: undifferentiated 4-9: social-informational 7-12: self-reflective 10-15: third person 14+: societal ```
56
prejudice
a negative view of others based on group membership
57
what age can prejudice develop
2 years
58
what happens to prejudice in childhood
declines
59
what happens to prejudice in adulthood
increases
60
what can parents do about prejudice
1. encourage contact between groups 2. pursuing shared goals 3. role-playing/reflecting 4. educating about racism

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