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Unfamiliar fieldwork Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is a conclusion

A

Overall deciding if you proved/disproved your hypothesis and using data and geography to explain why

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2
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

Statement you tested

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3
Q

What is an evaluation

A

Any problems with the conclusion/data collection/data presentation

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4
Q

Stages of having an enquiry

A
  1. Planning stage - question/hypothesis
  2. Data collection - appropriate, risk, primary and secondary data
  3. Data presentation - appropriate graphs
  4. Data analysis - GEO - what does the graph show?
  5. Conclusion - answer to original question
  6. Evaluation - why can I not have full confidence in my conclusion
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5
Q

Stage 1: devising hypothesis/question for your enquiry

A

Consider: Feasibility, cost, time, can the question be answered, ethics

Theory/concept behind the enquiry should be linked to AQA spec, is it too broad/narrow of a topic

Location must be realistic, accessible, safe

Sources of primary/secondary data: need to be able to collect data, qualitative and quantitative data, relevant secondary sources

Can you assess the risks in data collection sites

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6
Q

Stage 2: Data collection
List the types of primary data collection methods

A

Questionnaire
Interviews
Photographs
Pedestrian and traffic counts
Bipolar analysis
Land use survey
Beach survey
River channel survey
Quadrat

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7
Q

Primary vs secondary data

A

Primary - data you collect yourself
Secondary - data collected by someone else

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8
Q

Questionnaire

A

List of questions answered
Primary data
Can give researcher a lot of data that can be easily processed and presented
Can cover a large number of people

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9
Q

Interviews

A

Involve a discussion with open questions
Detailed text answers
Can gather more in-depth data than a questionnaire, but takes time so only a few can be completed at a time

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10
Q

Photographs

A

Can be taken to go
Taking before and after shots can show differences
Can show diurnal (day) changes

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11
Q

Pedestrian and traffic counts

A

Type of observation survey
Sense of an area’s popularity and any changes with time to this
Can be miscounts - problems with data

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12
Q

Bipolar analysis

A

Observation of an area using a negative to positive scale
Easy to compare by adding scores
Subjective - opinion can vary

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13
Q

Land use survey

A

Notes down land use function of each building in an area on a map
Can see differences and similarities within an urban area and find patterns
Can be cases of human error in judging the use of a building (out of date maps)

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14
Q

Beach survey

A

Studying a coastline by measuring shape of beach, beach profile, size and shape of sediment, speed and direction of longshore drift
Weather can alter results
Each measurement must be repeated

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15
Q

River channel survey

A

Measuring channel width and depth, velocity of water, size and shapes of rocks and gradient
comparisons of a river downstream can be made
Weather can alter results
Each measurement must be repeated

+ data easy to compare downstream
- current can make collection innacurate

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16
Q

Quadrat

A

Outlines a sample area
Can investigate the difference in flora and fauna in an area
Must be random
Repeats - avoid anomalies

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17
Q

Secondary data collection methods

A

Census data
Crime statistics
Climate data
Old maps and photographs
Satellite images

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18
Q

Types of equipment

A

Clinometer - angle of a beach
Rock gage - sediment size
Range poles - gradient
Quadrat - biodiversity in a sample size
Decibel reader - sound
Infiltration tube

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19
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data that is numerical/statistical - e.g. sediment size analysis

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20
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data that is descriptive - e.g. interviews

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21
Q

Random sampling

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A

Each member of the population has equal chance of being chosen
Randomly choosing sites to collect data
Random number generator/tables

+ non bias
+ can be done with a large area
- sites can get clustered meaning data collection is not representative
- may lead to sites that are inaccessible

22
Q

Systematic sampling

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A

Samples are chosen in a regular way
Picking sites every x no. of metres (regular intervals)

+ gives good representation of an area
+ easier than random
- time consuming
- can be bias
- may lead to sites that are inaccessible

23
Q

Stratified sampling

Study These Flashcards
A

Picking sites by topic (sub-groups)

+ flexible
+ good comparison
- not suitable for something like a questionnaire
- could lead to bias from person picking the topics

24
Q

Three types of sampling

Study These Flashcards
A

Random, systematic, stratified

25
Measuring velocity method
Drop an object in the water at starting point and record time taken to reach end point
26
Measuring traffic/pedestrian survey method
Count no of cars/people that pass by a set point in a given time
27
Presenting data methods - quantitative
bar chart/histogram line graph pictogram pie chart divided bar chart scatter graph dispersion graph flow line/desire line maps dot maps/proportional symbol maps isoline maps choropleth map
28
Mean
add all data together and divide by total
29
Median
Middle number
30
Mode
Most frequent number
31
Range
Largest - smallest number
32
IQR
UQ - LQ
33
why use averages
removes anomalies skewing the data easily see general trend/most common easily compare changes between areas
34
Choropleth maps
Uses different shades of colour/symbols to display different amounts + easy to spot general trends - not useful for showing total values
35
Isoline map
Lines that join up values of the same value (e.g. contour lines) +can easily compare data of equal value - can be hard to read if lines are close together
36
Dot maps/proportional symbol maps
Dot maps show 1 dot per value Proportional symbols are circles/symbols drawn at different sizes to represent different values + easy to interpret general trends - clustering makes it hard to read
37
Dispersion graphs
Takes sets of data and allows you to see if the data is grouped together or very different + can easily spot anomalies in data - can be time consuming to analyse
38
Scatter graphs
Investigated a link between 2 sets of data + can draw a LOBF to see if there is a correlation - analysis of correlation can be subjective
39
Flow line/desire line maps
Flow lines show movement of something from one place to another Desire lines show how places are connected + shows connection between places - overlapping makes it hard to read
40
Divided bar chart
Columns of bar charts are sub-divided based on info being displayed +easy to see trends in large sets of data - requires additional explanation
41
Pie chart
Divided circle useful for presenting a quantity that can be divided into parts + good to display parts of a whole - cannot show trends
42
Pictogram
A way of presenting data using symbols + easy to interpret/see trends - not suitable for continuous data
43
Line graph
Shows continuous data to show changes over time Is always a dependent variable and an independent variable + can show multiple sets of data - too much data makes it hard to read
44
bar chart/histogram
Bar charts show discrete data whereas histograms show continuous data + see clear trend - does not show causes of trends
45
Methods to display qualitative data
Word clouds Annotated photograph
46
What to do when analysing data
- Identify and describe patterns and trends in results - Make links between different sets of data - Identify anomalies - Explain reasons and suggest possible reasons for patterns you are unsure about
47
What to do when writing a conclusion
1. Point out any key trends from results that relate to hypothesis 2. Explain how each key trend from above prove/disprove the hypothesis 3. Explain overall whether results prove/disprove hypothesis
48
Accurate
When data is collected in the right way that make what we find to be trustworthy
49
Reliable
When there is enough data collected in an accurate way so that we can trust the results
50
Improving data collection methods - more accurate and reliable
- collect more data and generate an average - reduce risk of anomalies - Ask a wider variety of questions on a questionnaire - If something is opinion based, consulting with other people to reduce bias - Collect data at different times of day/year/weather conditions
51
Improving data collection methods - making it representative
- collect data at more sites to cover a larger area - reduce risk of anomalies - ask lots of different people for a questionnaire to cover all genders/ages etc - Collect data at different times of day/year/weather conditions

Geography (16 decks)

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