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Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cell theory ? (3 points )

A

Cell Theory states:
• All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
• All cells come from pre-existing cells.
• The cell is the basic unit of life.

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2
Q

What is metabolism ?

A

Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions an organism uses to take in and transform energy from the environment.

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3
Q

Examples of metabolism ( 3 points )

A

plants convert solar energy into chemical energy via
photosynthesis.
• fungi and worms take in decaying matter and break
down the chemical energy stored in those molecules to
provide energy for growth and life.
• Mammals change the chemical energy stored in plants
and other animals into a form of energy called ATP that their cells can use.

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4
Q

How is hereditary information transferred to offspring

A

Hereditary information can be transferred to offspring in
one of two ways.
• Sexual reproduction
• Two parents supply the DNA
• Hereditary information recombines from two organisms of the
same species.
• This occurs in most plants and animals
• Asexual reproduction
• A single parent supplies DNA
• Original and new organisms are genetically the same.
• Bacteria, some plants and algae, and primitive animals (worms
sponges and hydra)

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5
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable level of
internal conditions.
• All living things have mechanisms that regulate their bodies so
things stay balanced.
• For example body temperature, water content, glucose
levels etc. stay constant even though the environmental
conditions change.

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6
Q

What is growth

A

Living organisms increase in size and number of cells.
• Cells get bigger and divide to create more cells.
• The legs of a child grows longer as osteocytes divide to create new bone cells, enlarging the femur bones.

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7
Q

What is response ( with examples for external and internal )

A

Response can be the result of a physical or chemical change in the environments. This change produces a purposeful response.
• Externalstimuli
• Deciduous trees respond to fewer hours of sunlight by
dropping leaves.
• Lizards body temperature drops when air cools, so it moves to
a sunny rock for warmth.
• Internalstimuli
• Your body reacts to a disturbing dream with faster breathing
and heart rate, possibly waking you up.
• Your mouth may feel dry if you are dehydrated.

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8
Q

What is excretion

A

Excretion is the removal from the body of waste products which results from normal life processes. Waste products include:

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9
Q

Pasteurs experiment(3)

A

Pasteurs experiment ( to investigate wether cells spontaneously generated or arose from pre e si siting cells ) in which broth was sterilized and then either exposed to air or protected from air born spores in a swan neck flask. Only teh broth exposed to air borne spores became contaminated with air support ‘omis cellula e cellular ‘. Basically Pasteur refuted Virchow.

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10
Q

What are viruses?

A

Viruses are very small particles capable of infecting every type of living organism. They are parasitic and can only reproduce inside living cells.

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11
Q

3 examples of viruses

A

the tobacco mosaic virus – this stops chloroplasts forming in tobacco plants and causes the tobacco leaves to become discoloured
• the influenza virus – this causes flu
• HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) – this causes AIDS

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12
Q

7/9 characteristics of living things

A

Metabolism
Movement
Reproduction
Respiration

Sensitivity

Homeostasis
Growth
Response
Excretion
Nutrition

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13
Q

What are Eukaryotic Cells

A

Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a nucleus and organelles, and are enclosed by a plasma membrane.

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14
Q

Examples of organisms that contain eukaryotic cells

A

Organisms that have eukaryotic cells include protozoa, fungi, plants and animals.

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15
Q

What is the nucleus

A

Contains genetic material ( DNA organized into chromosomes for inheritance ) of the organism and controls the cell’s activities.

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16
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

The cytoplasm is a jelly like material that contains organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. It is also the site of many chemical reaction controlled bye enzymes

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17
Q

Cell membrane

A

Partially permeable membrane that forms the cell bounds and controls passage of substances in and out of cell

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18
Q

Cell wall

A

Semi rigid outer wall made of cellulose that supports the cel and prevents turgid cells from bursting

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19
Q

Chloroplasts ( where a it found + function )

A

Is an organelle found in the cytoplasm, it contains chlorophyll.

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20
Q

Vacuole

A

Large fluid filled sac that swells, pushing the cytoplasm against teh wall, making teh cells turgid ( it helps keep teh cell firm). Cells shrink as the vacuole gets smaller

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21
Q

What substance is the cytoplasm mainly made from?

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A

The cytoplasm is mainly made of water

22
Q

Which is one of the largest cells in the human body?

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A

Ova (egg cells) are some of the biggest in the human body.

23
Q

What is a Prokaryotic organism

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A

Prokaryote is a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

24
Q

Prokaryotic cells vs eukaryotic cells ( 5 differences )

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A
  • Prokaryotic cells are not divided up on the inside (like Eukaryotic Cells are) by membrane walls, but consist instead of a single open space.
  • prokaryotic cells are smaller
  • mitosis ( eu ) and binary fission (pro)
  • DNA in nucleus (eu) and DNA in a single molecule, found free in the cytoplasm (pro)
25
What is classification in bio
Classification, in biology, the establishment of a hierarchical system of categories on the basis of presumed natural relationships among organisms
26
Hierarchy of life
Domain ( dumb), kingdom (king), Phylum ( Philip), class (came), order (over), family (from), genus (great), species (spain)
27
Analogous features
Analogous features are features that have similar functions but their origin and anatomy are different e.g. bat wing and insect wing, dolphin and dogfish
28
Homologous features
Homologous features are ones that have a common origin and similar anatomy but can carry out different functions e.g. bat wing and human arm
29
Stem cells
Stem Cell - A cell found in foetuses, embryos and some adult tissues that can give rise to a wide range of other cells.
30
What are Embryonic Stem Cells
Embryonic Stem Cells A type of stem cell found in the embryo, capable of dividing into almost any cell type. Kingdom – Domain etc
31
What is differentiation ?
Differentiation is when an unspecialised cell becomes a more specialised cell type.
32
Why are red blood cells suited for their function ? (3)
Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body. They are well suited to this function because: • They contain haemoglobin, which carries oxygen molecules. • They don't have a nucleus, allowing more space to carry oxygen. • They are a flat disc shape (bi-concave) which gives them a large surface area, and the best chance of absorbing as much oxygen as they can.
33
Why are nerve cells suited for their function (3)
Nerve cells transmit electrical signals. They are well suited to their function because: • They are thin, and can be more than 1 metre long. This means they can carry messages up and down the body over large distances. • Nerve cells have branched connections at each end. These join to other nerve cells, allowing them to pass messages around the body. • They have a fatty (myelin) sheath that surrounds them. The fatty sheath increases the speed at which the message can travel.
34
Job and adaptations of sperm cell, root hair cell and leaf cell
Leaf cell : absorbs light for photosynthesis - lots of chloroplasts Root hair cell : absorbs water and mineral ions - finger like shape for large surface area Sperm cell : fertilizes an egg : head contains an enzyme to help penetrate eff
35
Hierarchy of life (9)
Atoms Simple organic molecules Complex organic molecules Organelle Cells Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
36
Plant vs animal cells ( 3 )
Plant : multicellular, contain chloroplasts and can carry out photosynthesis, store carbohydrates as starch or glucose Animals : multicellular, no chloroplasts, no cell wall and tehy stroe carbohydrates as glycogen
37
Protoctista
All unicellular, microscopic organisms ( some may have animal charector ist is and some may have features like plants or even both type of features p)
38
Fungi
Cell wall made fo chitin, store sugar as glycogen, no chloroplasts ( can be either multi or uni cellular )
39
Hyphae ( grouped into ?)
Root like structures used for feeding. Grouped into mycelium
40
Bacteria
Cell wall made of Muriel, unicellular but can clump together to form colonies, much smaller than teh cells of other kingdoms , no internal organs or true nucleus
41
Flagella
Help the bacteria move
42
Pilli
Enable attachment to surfaces and other bacteria
43
Capsule
Sticky outermost layer usually made of polysaccharides
44
Why are white boood cells irregular in shape
Thsi helps them squeeze out through narrow capillary walls and hence tehy can make tehir way to teh site of injury for defense
45
What is teh plasma membrane made up of
Bilateral phospholipids
46
How are carbohydrates that not immedetialy sued stored in plants vs humans
Plants : starch Humans : glycogen
47
3 steps during teh Process of photosynthesis
1. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll 2. Conversion of light energy into chemical energy and splitting water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen 3. Reduction of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates
48
Stomata
Tiny pores on teh surface of leaves that regulate gas exchange. (Controls rate of gas exchange )The pore is bordered by a pair of specialized parenchyma cells known as guard cells that are responsible for regulating the size of the stomatal opening.
49
Nitrogen ( why ist needed and what form it’s taken up in )
Nitrogen is essential to teh synthesis of proteins and other compounds. It’s taken in Teh form of inorganic nitrates or nitrites. Or as organic compunds that have been prepared by bacteria from atmospheric nitrogen
50
What organism break down food outside teh body
Fungi ( like bread moulds), yeast and mushrooms

Bio (4 decks)

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