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HIST 2181B: History Of Sexuality > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Michel Foucault was a philosopher and the first person to study what as an academic discipline?

A

History of sexuality

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2
Q

Studying history of sexuality started in 60’s/70’s as part of an era of emerging what ? (Give 2 examples)

A

Emerging Social Movements such as feminism and gay rights movement

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3
Q

Studying history of sexuality helped politicize what?

A

Those struggling for human rights related to sexuality (women, gay community)

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4
Q

Foucault argued that sex and sexuality were created by what?

A

Discourses about sex

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5
Q

What are examples of discourses, and what do these institutions teach us?

A

Body of knowledge created by various institutions and agencies in out society

ex: religious, medical, legislative, psychiatric and medical experts, media

Teach us how to behave sexually and what our attitudes should be about sexuality

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6
Q

Foucault argued there’s a connection between sexuality and what 2 things?

A

Knowledge and Power

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7
Q

Discourses about sex and the knowledge they produced controlled and regulated people’s what (3 things)?

A

Behaviour, self identity, and attitudes

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8
Q

Our behaviours and attitudes about sex are partly created by us as individuals, but generally are influenced by what? Give examples

A

Powerful influential bodies, ie: religion, medical and psychiatric profession

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9
Q

Theorists have regarded one’s sex is determined by ___ and one’s gender by ___.

A

Sex = biology
Gender = societal factors

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10
Q

Sex, gender, and sexuality are some combination of __ & __.
Beginning as ___ and then subjected to powerful societal ___ & ___ throughout our lives.

A

Combination of nature & nurture
Beginning as biological, and subjected to societal institutions and influences

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11
Q

True/False: sex and gender are interchangeable

A

false

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12
Q

True/False: Sex can describe actions, feelings, something you are, or one’s identity

A

True

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13
Q

True/False: Sexuality is fixed and doesn’t change over time and place

A

False

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14
Q

What is sex/sexuality/gender shaped by, and what kind of constructions are they?

A

Shaped by religion, medicine, legislation etc telling us what is socially acceptable
Part of social and historical constructions

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15
Q

True/False: The definition and meaning of sex and sexuality has stayed the same and hasn’t changed over time

A

False

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16
Q

How is Sex and sexuality mediated by various aspects of our culture?

A

By race, class, age, and marital status.

Also mediated over time - what was considered natural back then may be absurd today and vice versa

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17
Q

True/False: there was a golden age of unbridled sexuality where there were no political or legal constraints

A

False

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18
Q

Sexuality has always been heavily policed and punished by the elites, including who?

A

The church in Middle Ages, the state, the police, and the medical profession

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19
Q

True/False: Every society has had its rules and regulations about sex

A

True

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20
Q

What is Prescriptive literature, who wrote it, and did people always conform to it?

A

Advise literature written to teach ppl about sex, was written by clergy and doctors,
but people didn’t necessarily conform to it

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21
Q

Is sex and sexuality binary (opposites)? If not, then what is it?

A

No, it is a spectrum of identities, behaviours and feelings

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22
Q

Concepts of gender and sexuality can change in one’s life depending on what?

A

Depending on one’s life stage, circumstances, marriage, pregnancy, age, or traumatic experience

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23
Q

Sex and sexuality can be created by who?

A

Elites and everyday people

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24
Q

What is an example of the welfare and state of nations being intricately tied to issues of sex?

A

1 )Nations depend on monogamy and reproductive sex/families as a way to organize society to maintain social order
2) Population growth is needed for militaries and to create a work force

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25
For the state, family implies ___. Through the family the state can perpetuate ___.
Implies **stability.** Can perpetuate **population growth**
26
Capitalism depends on what? Population growth creates demands for what?
Depends on sex. Creates demands for consumer products
27
How has capitalism benefited from sex?
Advertising/marketing using sexualized images Porn, prostitution, weddings and honeymoons
28
What was it that laid the foundations of Christian sexuality?
Book of Genesis
29
How did Christianity become the official religion of the Roman Empire?
Through the conversion of emperor Constantine to Christianity in 313CE
30
What was the greatest unrivalled influence in ideas and practices around sex from the Christian period to the Renaissance?
The church
31
Men in Ancient Greece expressed very little interest in female what?
Female Sexual pleasure
32
Who were the hetaerae?
Sophisticated, beautiful, intelligent influential women who stayed with men on a long term basis
33
True/False: Men had free range to behave the way they wanted to and with whom they wanted in Ancient Greece
True
34
In Ancient Greece, women were perceived as ___ and men were seen as ___.
Women= inferior, lustful and immoral Men= rational
35
At what age were girls married in Ancient Greece, and why was this age the norm?
12-13 years old, to ensure virginity before marriage
36
True/False: Women in Ancient Greece generally had access to education and professions
False
37
What sphere were men and women apart of in Ancient Greece?
Men= public sphere of work (complete freedom over sexuality) Women= private sphere of home (loyal faithful wives/mothers)
38
In Ancient Greece, marriages were based on ___ vs ___.
Based on economics vs sexual attraction or compatibility
39
The main purpose of marriage in Ancient Greece beyond economics was the production of what?
Children (reproduction)
40
What would be considered adultery in Ancient Greece?
Affair with another man’s wife
41
Why were homosexual relationships encouraged in Ancient Greece?
- considered essential in providing men with intellectual stimulation that they couldn’t get from their uneducated wives - way for women to not get power through their intimate relationships with men if they confided in their wives
42
Why were the parents of young boys in Ancient Greece enthusiastic about homosexual relationships with older men?
The relationships were seen as mentoring, the older men would teach boys about finance, tutor them, teach them ways of life
43
What role did older men take on in Ancient Greece in homosexual relationships, and what role did the younger boy take?
Older man: aggressor Younger boy: passive recipient (emulate a woman)
44
Genesis stated that men should have dominion over what?
All living things. (patriarchy)
45
Who gets blamed for the fall of man?
Eve/women
46
Why were Christian’s new attitudes and values strict?
They wanted to distinguish themselves from Jewish predecessors and pagan customs
47
What did Christianity prioritize over marriage?
Service to God
48
What did the disciple Paul completely dismiss and ignore? What did he emphasize instead?
Dismissed marriage, ignored procreation. Emphasis on celibacy for the ultimate goal
49
If eating the fruit of eden is equated with sex and sinfulness, then what is celibacy seen as?
Seen as the cure/remedy for that sinfulness
50
Who were the Ascetics ?
people who opted for celibacy as a lifestyle. Celebrities of their day/spiritual athletes
51
How was sexual behaviour monitored in medieval times? (Week 1 reading)
Through confessions
52
Which saint was the basic formula tor of western Christian attitudes? (Week 1 reading)
St. Augustine
53
St. Augustine argued that lust was an inevitable aftermath of what? (Week 1 reading)
Expulsion of Adam and Eve from the garden of eden
54
Augustine concluded that *what* was the highest good?
Celibacy
55
In the medieval church, what was regarded as healing medicine for the soul? (Week 1 reading)
Penance
56
True/False: Christianity insisted that women were equally a special creation of God
True
57
True/False: Jewish philosopher Philo assumed women were responsible for most of men’s ills
True
58
When a woman wishes to serve Christ more than the world, then she will cease to be a woman and will be called *what* instead? - St. Jerome (Week 1 reading)
Called man
59
What is a type of way women would protect their virginity in medieval times? (Week 1 reading)
Women would grow beards (female transvestite saints )
60
True/False: The Christian church believed prostitution was a necessary evil
True (Although celibacy was preferred)
61
True/False: if prostitues were not available, even worse sins might result
True
62
Medieval attitudes towards prostitutes was seen as both temptress, and what? (Week 1 reading)
A possible convert
63
A great sinner could become a great *what*? (Week 1 reading)
A great saint
64
The enjoyment of sex was essentially reserved for who? (Week 1 reading)
Sinners
65
For those who could not adopt celibacy as the way of life, *what* was permitted? (Week 1 reading)
Marriage

HIST 2181B: History Of Sexuality (4 decks)

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