UNIT 3

Question 1

New middle class that was created from enlightenment and industrial revolution wanted to create what, separate from what

Answer 1

Create a new identity for themselves, separate from nobility and working class

Question 2

Middle class felt they could distinguish their identity by keeping women where, and why?

Answer 2

Keep women in the private sphere
Bc they were wealthy enough that their wives didn’t have to work

Question 3

What was considered 2 benefits of patriarchal culture for men?

Answer 3

1) Women weren’t competing with men for jobs (women were cheap labour)
2) women could perform unpaid productive work at home

Question 4

Keeping women at home was a benefit for who?

Answer 4

Benefit for men

Question 5

Middle class justified keeping women in domestic sphere through what model?

Answer 5

two sex model

Question 6

two sex model demonstrated that women were physically and emotionally what, unsuited for what

Answer 6

Physically and emotionally frail and weak, unsuited for the rigours of public life

Question 7

Physical and emotional passivity was grounded in what theories?

Answer 7

Scientific theories of female anatomy (two sex model)

Question 8

Ideology of separate spheres is part of a larder idea called what

Answer 8

Cult of true womanhood

Question 9

What was a foundation of how middle class women were supposed to behave during Victorian period

Answer 9

Cult of true womanhood

Question 10

Women were supposed to be emotionally and physically what 2 things to men

Answer 10

Passive and submissive

Question 11

Men were supposed to ___ sex, and women were supposed to ___ men.

Answer 11

Men = initiate sex
Women = accommodate men sexually

Question 12

True/False: women were supposed to enjoy sex for themselves

Answer 12

False :(

Question 13

“Passionless ”: Cast women as sexually what

Answer 13

Frigid, apathetic, and unresponsive

Question 14

Traits of being passionless meant that middle class women were seen as what 4 things?

Answer 14

Virtuous, maternal, moral, modest, respectable

Question 15

Passionlessness meant to contrast middle class women with other women, to affirm what?

Answer 15

Middle class identity

Question 16

Middle class women through passionless doctrine were ____ while other women such as working class/coloured/immigrants were seen as what ?

Answer 16

Middle class = respectable
Working class = immoral/animalistic/lustful

Question 17

Why did middle class women embrace the passionless ideology?

Answer 17

To differentiate themselves from other women they regarded as inferior

Question 18

Women were supposed to be ..
(4 Code of conduct ingredients)

Answer 18

1) Domestic
2) Pious
3) Pure
4) Submissive

Question 19

Women who conformed to 4 core of conduct ingredients were seen as what?

Answer 19

Moral pillars and guardians of society, and truly respectable women

Question 20

Did the passionless ideology apply to all women?

Answer 20

No, it was a white middle class ideology and didn’t apply to female slaves

Question 21

White slave owning women were seen as epitomizing what?

Answer 21

Cult of true womanhood

Question 22

With the cult of true womanhood the status of middle class women rose, but at the expense of what?

Answer 22

Exclusion from the public sphere- including access to paid work, carriers, and university education

Question 23

Prescriptive literature was written by whom

Answer 23

Clergy and medical professionals

Question 24

Prescriptive literature was embraced by white women and made them feel what

Answer 24

Feel very important for following the cult of true womanhood

Question 25

in what class did the ideology of separate spheres take place, and in which countries?

Answer 25

Middle class in Canada, US, and England

Question 26

2 examples of Purity in the Code of Conduct ingredients

Answer 26

1) Virgin when married 2) Loyal to husbands

Question 27

2 examples of Pious in Code of Conduct ingredients

Answer 27

1) Good Christian’s 2) God fearing

Question 28

2 examples of submissive in Code of conduct ingredients:

Answer 28

1) passionless 2) sexually submissive

Question 29

True/False: Black women were supposed to embody the Cult of True Womahood

Answer 29

False: they embodied the opposite Worked in the fields, backbreaking labour (despite “female fragility”)

Question 30

Through *what* was the Protestant clergy able to promote passionless?

Answer 30

Prescriptive literature

Question 31

What are examples of prescriptive literature tales where women would and wouldn’t conform?

Answer 31

Would: rewarded with loyal husbands and behaved children Wouldn’t: go insane, lose husbands, terrible death

Question 32

What ideology was part of a persistent effort by the male medical profession?

Answer 32

Passionless ideology

Question 33

True/False: White middle class women were supposed to initiate, desire, enjoy and have sex

Answer 33

False : except for the purpose of procreation

Question 34

What are some pros of the passionless ideology? (4 examples)

Answer 34

1) gave women an elevated status 2) effective birth control 3) Allude risk of mortality 4) less economic liabilities (kids)

Question 35

What are cons of passionless? (6)

Answer 35

1) Deprived women of sexual desire/expression 2) gave men permission to be adulterous 3) gave women mixed messages 4) racist, classist, and polarized women 5) labeled women who expressed their sexual desires as deviant 6) justified excluding women from public sphere

Question 36

What could happen to women who expressed their sexual desires?

Answer 36

1) branded as a nymphomaniac 2) could end up in insane asylum

Question 37

Mosher survey of 20th century found what?

Answer 37

1) women had expectations of regular sex 2) wanted to experience sexual pleasure and orgasms 3) women weren’t passionless

Question 38

why did fertility drop in middle class women in 19th Century?

Answer 38

1) fewer women marrying 2) kids later in life/ less reproductive years 3) women were practicing a type of birth control

Question 39

Passionless doctrine was designed to promote the interests of *who* by asserting the notion that women were inherently *what*

Answer 39

Interests of **patriarchal culture** Women were **passive, weak, and unable to function in the public sphere**

Question 40

Popularity of female friendships grew out of what 3 conditions ?

Answer 40

Ideology of separate spheres Passionless Cult of True Womanhood

Question 41

What feelings helped unite middle class women in 19th century

Answer 41

Felt they were undervalued, and unappreciated in patriarchal culture

Question 42

Without men dictating/supervising daily lives of women, women were free to *what*

Answer 42

Free to create a world for themselves

Question 43

The private domestic sphere was a place that fostered *what*

Answer 43

Loving, Nurturing female culture

Question 44

In the 19th century women would have to choose between what 2 things, and they couldn’t have both

Answer 44

Education or marriage

Question 45

The women who chose university often entered *what* marriage, for what reason?

Answer 45

Boston marriages, for companionship, to share household expenses, and sometimes sex gratification

Question 46

True/False: Boston marriages weren’t acceptable in Victorian society and they were frowned upon

Answer 46

False : it was preferable to a woman living alone and facing poverty/isolation

Question 47

Bc women were assumed to be passionless women could spend time with each other without *what*

Answer 47

Any suspicion that they were sexual

Question 48

Sex was exclusively thought of as needing what?

Answer 48

A man with a penis and procreation

Question 49

For women what was much more preferable than entering adulterous affairs or divorcing husbands?

Answer 49

Expressions loving feelings for women and spending time with them

Question 50

What wasn’t criminalized during Victorian period the way homosexuality was?

Answer 50

Lesbianism

Question 51

Female friendship was seen as a training ground for what?

Answer 51

Getting married, being a good wife

Question 52

What was the fear that arose if a man and a women were left alone unsupervised

Answer 52

That a man can take advantage of a women and rob her virginity / cause pregnancy

Question 53

What was one of the worst things that could happen to a middle class women in Victorian times

Answer 53

Having a child out of wedlock

Question 54

Women talked about marriage as a what kind of experience?

Answer 54

Traumatic and unfulfilling experience

Question 55

By mid 19th century , Christian and women’s values and virtues were what?

Answer 55

Almost identical

Question 56

The ideology of passionless was tied to the rise of *what* between 1790s - 1830s

Answer 56

Evangelical religion

Question 57

The new function of Drs as spiritual counsellors highlights the shift of moral authority from *what* to *what* during the 19th century

Answer 57

From religion to science

Question 58

A married man having sex with a single woman was considered *what*, instead of?

Answer 58

Fornication vs adultery

Question 59

True/False: adultery from both men and women was a cause for divorce

Answer 59

False: only men, they could sue to recover “damages”

Question 60

Evangelicals argued women was made for *who’s* purpose instead of mans

Answer 60

God’s (unlike the 18th century)

Question 61

Why did the 18th century New England ministers discard similarities to Eve?

Answer 61

In deference to their predominantly female congregations

Question 62

Protestants constantly reiterated the theme that Christianity had raised women from *what* in status to *what*. What was the condition for that elevation?

Answer 62

From slaves to moral and intellectual beings the suppression of female sexuality.

Question 63

The clergy adopted a more positive image of women in their sermons and no longer presented marriage as a hierarchical relationship but stressed that women were *what*

Answer 63

complementary, and piously influential, marriage partners.

Question 64

What was a primary reason that the ideology of passionlessness was quickly and widely accepted

Answer 64

women gaining social and familial power

Question 65

True/False: Toward the end of the 19th century, courting couple treated sex as a "serious spiritualized sacrament of romantic love."

Answer 65

True

Question 66

What did "lady" mean in the African American community vs White middle class?

Answer 66

Black community: woman who assumed a responsibility for the **problems of the society at large**, not just for her own family's needs White: woman of leisure