Unit 1 Flashcards by Alejandra Garcia-Cordero Pascua

Movement

Action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

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Respiration

Chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism

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Sensitivity

Ability to detect and respond tu stimuli (changes) in the internal or external environment

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Growth, and in animals and plants

Permanent increase in size and dry mass
. Animals: stop growing at a certain size
. Plants: grow throughout their lives

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Reproduction

Processes that make more of the same kind of organism

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Excretion

The removal of waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirements

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Nutrition

Taking in of food to obtain energy and nutrients

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The five kingdoms

. Plants
. Animals
. Fungi
. Protoctista
. Prokaryotes

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Characteristics of plants

. Multicellular
. Cell walls made of cellulose
. Cells contain chloroplasts
. Make food -> photosynthesis

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Characteristics of animals

. Multicellular
. No chloroplasts
. Unable to make food: feed on other organisms
. Most capable of moving

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Characteristics of fungi

. Mostly single-celled
. Cell walls made of chitin
. Reproduce by forming spores
. Don’t photosynthesise

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Characteristics of protoctista

. Mostly single-celled
. Microscopic

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Characteristics of prokaryotes

. Single-celled
. No nucleus

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Examples of plants (3)

. Flowers
. Mosses
. Grasses

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Examples of animals (3)

. Fish
. Insects
. Humans

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Examples of fungi (3)

. Mushrooms
. Toadstools
. Yeast

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Examples of protoctista (2)

. Amoeba
. Algae

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Example of prokaryote

. Bacteria

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Virus

. It’s a parasite
. Not a living organism

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The Bionominal system

Internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts: genus and species

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Order of the bionominal system (7)

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Vertebrates

Have backbone and internal skeleton

The types of vertebrates (5)

. Fish
. Birds
. Mammals
. Reptiles
. Amphibians

Characteristics of fish

. Gills for breathing
. Fins to swim
. Soft and moist scales
. External fertilisations
. Skeletons made of bone and cartilage
. Cold-blooded

Characteristics of birds

. Feathers and wings to fly . Warm-blooded . Hard-shelled eggs . Sharp claws + beaks: to hunt . Webbed feet to swim . Internal fertilisation

Characteristics of mammals

. Feed milk to their ypung . Fur/hair . Breathe air . Warm-blooded . Internal fertilisation

Characteristics of reptiles

. Soft, leathery shells . Dry, hard scales . Cold-blooded . Internal fertilisation . Breathe with lungs

Characteristics of amphibians

. Smooth moist (mucus) and permeable skin . External fertilisation . Breathe through skin in water and with lungs on land . Cold-blooded

Invertebrates

. Arthropodes . Don't have a backbone

Characteristics of Arthropods

. Hard exoskeleton . Segmented body . Jointed legs

Types of invertebrate (4)

. Crustaceans . Myriapods . Insects . Arachnids

Characteristics of crustaceans

. 2 segments . 2 pairs of antennae . Compund eyes . 5-20 pairs of legs . Breathe using gills . Most live in water

Characteristics of myriapods (centpiedes and milipedes)

. Long bodies with many segments . 1 pair of antennae . Centpiedes: - 1 pair of legs per segments - Fast moving carnivores . Milipedes: - 2 pairs of legs per segement - Slow-moving herbivores

Characteristics of insects

. 3 segments: head, thorax and abdomen . Thorax: 2 pairs of legs + 2 pairs of wings . Head: 1 pair of antennae . Covered by waterproof cuticle . Breathe through spiracles

Characteristics of arachnids

. 2 segments: cephalothorax + abdomen . 4 pairs of legs . No wings or antennae . Several pairs of eyes (not compound)

Characteristics of Ferns (non-flowering plants)

. Non-flowering plants . Strong stem, roots and leaves . Leaves have a cuticle . Many grow from thick underground stem -> rhizome . Don't produce seed . Reproduce with spores

Flowering plants

- Reproduce by means of flowers that make seeds

2 types of flowering plants

. Monocotyledons . Dicotyledons

Monocotyledons: Leaves, flowers, roots, seeds

. Leaves: Narrow leaves with parallel veins . Flowers: Flower parts in multiples of 3 . Roots: Fibrous roots . Seeds: One cotyledon

Example of monocotyledons

All grasses

Dictotyledons: Leaves, flowers, roots, seeds

. Leaves: Broad leaves with branched veins . Flowers: Multiples of 4 and 5 . Roots: Primary root called taproot . Seeds: Two cotyledons

Example of dicotyledons

All trees

Aim of classification systems

. To reflect evolutionary relationships

In what way were organisms originally classified?

Physical features

What is the advantage of the binomial naming system?

It is universal (everyone can understand it)

Define species

A group of organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring

Why are viruses not living?

They do not have all of the 7 characteristics of living organisms (for example they cannot respire)

How are modern classification techniques more accurate?

Biochemical and genetic analysis are used -> more accuracy

Morphology

Apperance

Anatomy

Inside

DNA in classification

How similar the sequence of bases is