Unit 1 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
studies the form and structure of the body; microscopic or gross
A
anatomy
2
Q
examines structures, specimens examined under microscope; cytology or histology
A
microscopic anatomy
3
Q
study of cells and all of their internal structures; type of microscopic anatomy
A
cytology
4
Q
study of tissues; type of microscopic anatomy
A
histology
5
Q
investigates structures visible to the unaided eye, specimens dissected for examination; divisions include systemic, regional, comparative
A
gross anatomy (or macroscopic anatomy)
6
Q
studies the anatomy of each body; type of gross anatomy
A
systemic anatomy
7
Q
examines the structures in a body region; type of gross anatomy
A
regional anatomy
8
Q
examines anatomical similarities and differences in different species; type of gross anatomy
A
comparative anatomy
9
Q
examines how the body functions/works
A
physiology
10
Q
properties common to all organisms:
A
- organization
- metabolism
- grown and development
- responsiveness
- regulation
- reproduction
11
Q
all organisms exhibit complex structure and order
A
organization
12
Q
the sum of all chemical reactions found in the body (anabolic- small to large or catabolic- large to small)
A
metabolism
13
Q
organisms assimilate from the environment
A
growth and development
14
Q
ability to sense and react (foundation of homeostasis)
A
responsiveness
15
Q
“steady state”, ability to adjust
A
regulation
16
Q
produce new cells
A
reproduction
17
Q
levels of organization:
A
- atom/molecule
- chemical level
- cellular level
- tissue level
- organ level
- organ system
- human
18
Q
upright stance, feet parallel and flat on the floor, upper limbs at the sides of the body, palms face anteriorly (towards the front), head is level, eyes look forward
A
anatomic position
19
Q
actual cut or slice of the body
A
section
20
Q
imaginary flat surface of the body
A
plane
21
Q
head, neck, and trunk; forms the main vertical axis of the body
A
axial region
22
Q
upper and lower limbs
A
appendicular region
23
Q
the ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions
A
homeostasis
24
Q
components of homeostatic system:
A
- receptor detects stimulus
- control center interprets (nervous system, endocrine response)
- effector brings
25
changes in a variable that is regulated (temperature, stretch in muscle)
stimulus
26
structure that detects the stimulus (sensory neurons in the skin, stretch receptors in muscle)
receptor
27
integrates input and initiates change through the effector (usually the brain or endocrine gland)
control center
28
structure (muscle or gland) brings about a change of the stimulus
effector
29
controls most processes of the body, variable fluctuates within a normal range around a set point, resting action is in the opposite direction of the stimulus
-example: temperature regulation
negative feedback
30
occurs much less frequently, stimulus reinforced to continue moving variable in same direction until a climatic event occurs then the body returns to homeostasis
-examples: breastfeeding, blood clotting, labor
positive feedback
31
study of the molecules that compose living organisms; carbohydrates, fats, protein, and nucleic acids
biochemistry
32
atomic number
proton and neutron number
33
negative charged atom located outside of the nucleus
electron
34
positive charged atom located inside the nucleus
proton
35
neutral atom located inside the nucleus
neutron
36
atoms tend to lose, gain or share electrons to complete the outer shell
octect rule
37
stable associations between two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio; ionic or molecular (covalent)
chemical compounds
38
structures composed of ions help together in a lattice by ionic bonds; like a static shield that links them together
ionic compounds
39
charged particle with unequal number of protons and electrons; has a negative or positive net charge due to a loss or gain of one or more elements
ion
40
two or more atoms united by a chemical bond
covalent compounds
41
transfer of electrons from one atom to another
ionization
42
particle that gains electrons (net negative charge)
-examples: fluoride ion, chloride ion, hydroxide ion
anion
43
particle that loses electrons (net positive charge)
-examples: hydrogen ion, sodium ion, potassium ion
cation
44
substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current
-important in chemic reactivity, osmotic effects, electrical excitability of nerve and muscle
electrolytes
45
indicates number and type of atom
molecular formula
46
indicates number and type of atom, indicates arrangement of atoms within the molecules
structural formula
47
sharing of electrons, occurs when both atoms require electrons, occurs with atoms with 4 to 7 electrons in the outer shell, 96% of elements formed in the human body using: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
covalent bond
48
relative attraction of each atom for electrons; determines how electrons are shared in covalent bonds
electronegativity
49
two atoms of the same element have equal attraction for electrons
nonpolar covalent bonds
50
multiple atoms have unequal attraction for electrons
polar covalent bonds
51
proton donor (releases H+ ions in water), releases more H+; 1-6 on scale
acid
52
proton acceptor (accepts H+ ions), releases OH-; 8-14 on scale
base
53
substance that causes a resistance to a change in pH
buffer
54
potential of hydrogen
pH
55
large organic molecules synthesized by the body; always contain carbon and hydrogen (some also have nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur)
biological macromolecules
56
identical repetitive subunits
monomers
57
joined to form small to large macromolecules
polymers
58
single unit; glucose, galactose and fructose
monosaccharide (carbohydrate)
59
sugar made of two monosaccharide; sucrose, lactose, and maltose
disaccharide (carbohydrate)
60
long chains of monosaccharides (at least 50); glycogen
polysaccharides
61
chains of 4-24 carbon atoms with carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other, saturated
fatty acid (lipid)
62
three fatty acid chains and glycerol molecule; more double bonds=polyunsaturdated
triglyceride (lipid)
63
polymer of amino acids
protein
64
biological catalyst, proteins facilitate chemical reactions; increase rate of reaction without being consumed and reduce activation energy, highly specific
enzyme
65
unique 3 dimensional structure in protein chain, very specific; permits only a single substrate to bind and helps catalyze only one specific reaction
active site
66
the amount of energy needed to destabilize the bonds of a molecule, moves the reaction over an "energy hill", helps keep substrates close to they can for a product
activation energy
67
inhibitor and substrate "compete" for active site, overcome by increasing substrate concentration
competitive inhibitor
68
inhibitor bind to site other than active site=allosteric site, causes enzymes to change shape, renders active site unreceptive
non competitive inhibitor
69
surrounds cells and defines boundaries, made of proteins and lipids
-functions: protects the cell from its external environment, mediates cellular transport, transmits cellular signals
plasma (cell) membrane
70
fluid that makes up cytoplasm, aka intracellular fluid; contains water, proteins, carbs, lipids
cytosol
71
contains organelles, cytoskeleton, inclusions, and cytosol
cytoplasm
72
temporarily stored chemical substances; pigments, protein crystals, glycogen, fat droplets
-2 kinds: stored products or foreign bodies
inclusions
73
hydrophilic (water loving) head and hydrophobic (water hating) tail; contains two different regions
amphipathic
74
inserted into membrane to provide membrane with fluidity support
cholesterol
75
sugar protein structures embedded in membrane
glycolipid and glycoprotein
76
inserted with membrane
integral proteins
77
attached to internal or external regions of the membrane
peripheral proteins
78
primary structures of the cell:
1. plasma membrane
2. cytoplasm
3. nucleus
79
binds to chemical messengers such as hormones sent by other cells
receptor
80
constantly open and allows solutes to pass into and out of the cell
channel
81
gate that opens and closes to allow solutes through only at certain times
gated channel
82
glycoprotein acting as a cell identity marker distinguishing the body's own cells from foreign cells
cell identity marker
83
cell adhesion molecule that binds one cell to another
cell adhesion molecule
84
measurement of how much something changes as you move from one region to another
gradient
85
measurement of how much the concentration of something changes as you move form one region to another (high to low)
concentration gradient
86
net movement of a substance form an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
diffusion
87
no energy needed as long as there is a concentration gradient (high to low); can be active or passive
simple diffusion
88
channel needed, passive process that moves down the gradient
facilitated diffusion
89
any liquid media
solvent
90
stuff you dump into solvent
solute
91
solvent and solute
solution
92
movement of water not solute, passive movement of water through selectively permeable membrane, differences in water concentration on either side of a membrane
osmosis
93
ability of a solution to change the volume or pressure of a cell by osmosis; isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic
tonicity
94
interstitial fluid is the same concentration as cytosol; no net movement
isotonic solution
95
interstitial fluid is less concentrated than cytosol; water enters cell (nears hemolysis)
hypotonic solution
96
interstitial fluid is more concentrated than cytosol; water leaves the cell (undergoing crenation)
hypertonic solution
97
movement of solute against its concentration gradient, requires energy
active transport
98
uses energy directly from breakdown of ATP, changes proteins shape and movement across the membrane
primary active transport
99
finger like projections that increase surface area, important in process of absorption
microvilli
100
intermediate size, create currents and trap debris
cilia
101
works like motorized tail, can propel cell through environment
flagellum
102
1. structure support and organization of cell: maintains cell shape, stabilizes cell junction, organizes organelles
2. cell division: separates chromosomes during cell division, splits cell into two daughter cells
3. movement: facilitates cytoplasmic streaming, involved in the movement of vesicles within a cell, muscle contraction
cytoskeleton (non membrane bound)
103
specialized subunits, usually within a cell that has a specific function
organelle
104
cell organelles that enclosed within a unit membrane
-examples: endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria,
membranous organelles
105
type of cell organelles that lack a membrane enclosing them
-examples: ribosomes, centrosome, proteasomes, cytoskeleton,
nonmembranous organelles
106
1. synthesis: synthesizing proteins for secretion
2. processing molecules: modifies proteins
3. organelle formation: helps form peroxisomes
4. vesicle formation: forms transport vesicles for shipping of proteins
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) (membrane bound)
107
1. synthesis: site of lipid
2. processing molecules: carbohydrate metabolism
3. detoxification: detoxifies drugs, alcohol, and poisons
4. vesicle formation: forms transport vesicles for shipping
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) (membrane bound)
108
1. synthesis: forms proteoglycans
2. processing molecules: modifies and stores protein
3. organelle formation: synthesizes digestion enzymes
4. vesicle formation: forms secretory vesicles for delivering components
golgi apparatus (membrane bound)
109
digestion: break down molecules within vesicles that enter cell by endocytosis, remove damaged organelles and cellular components and break down cellular components following cellular death
lysosomes (membrane bound)
110
1. digestion: break down molecules with hydrogen peroxide produced during the process
2. synthesis: forms specific types of lipids
peroxisomes (membrane bound)
111
energy harvesting: digest organic molecules to produce ATP by aerobic cellular respiration
mitochondria (membrane bound)
112
protein synthesis:
1. bound synthesize proteins destined to be incorporated into the plasma membrane
2. free synthesize proteins for use within the cell
ribosomes (non membrane bound)
113
1.synthesis: organize microtubules and support their growth in nondividing cells
2. cell division: direct formation of spindle fibers in dividing cells
centrosomes (non membrane bound)
114
1. protein digestion: degrade proteins that are damaged, incorrectly folded, or no longer needed
2. quality assurance: control the quality of exported cell proteins
proteasomes (non membrane bound)
115
membrane junction, composed of plasma membrane proteins that form strands or rows of proteins
1. seal off intercellular space and prevent substances from passing unregulated between the epithelial cells
2. prevent the mixing of membrane proteins and lipids on either side of the junction, therfore maintaining the polarity of the epithelium
tight junctions
116
membrane junction, composed of several different proteins that bind neighboring cells
1. where protection is needed
desmosomes
117
membrane junction, composed of integral plasma membrane proteins that form a very small fluid filled tunnel or pore that extends across a small gap between adjacent cells
1. specialized tunnels that allow for the passage of certain substances
gap junction
118
1. cellular regulation: houses genetic material, which directs all cellular activities and regulates cellular structure
2. production: produces ribosomal subunits in nucleolus and exports them into cytoplasm for assembly into ribosomes
nucleus
119
ribonucleic acid, copy of a gene formed from DNA in nucleus; pre mRNA is transcribed from DNA and processed to form mRNA prior to leaving the nucleus
transcription
120
uses RNA for synthesis of protein by ribosomes in cytosol; mRNA is reading to direct tRNAs in adding amino acids and a protein molecule is formed
translation
