Unit 2 Flashcards by caitlin quave

groups of cells similar in structure and function
-types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve

tissues

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

covers external/internal surfaces

covering and lining epithelia (epithelial tissue)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

covers secretory tissues in glands

grandular epithelia (epithelial tissue)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

two main types: covering and lining/grandular

functions:
-physical protection: protects from dehydration, abrasion, destruction
-selective permeability: allows passage of some substances while preventing passage of others
-secretions: some cells are specialized to secrete
-sensations: supply information to nervous system

characteristics:
-cells have polarity: apical (upper, free) and basal (lower, attached) surfaces
-composed of closely packed cells
-supported by connective tissue reticular lamina
-avascular but innervated
-high rate of regeneration

classifications: 1. how many layers? 2. what type of cell

epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

one layer

simple

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

multiple layers

stratified

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

squished cell

squamous

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

square or cubed cells

cuboidal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

column or cylinder-shaped cells

columnar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei, the simplest of the epithelia

function: allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae

location: kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity

simple squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei, some cells bear cilia, may contain mucus-secreting glands (goblet cells)

function: absorption, secretion of mucus/enzymes/other substances, ciliated type propels mucus by ciliary action

location: nonciliated type lines most of digestive tract/gallbladder/excretory ducts of some glands, ciliated variety lines small bronchi/uterine tubes/ some regions of uterus

simple columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

thick membrane composed of several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active, surface cells are flattended

function: protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus/mouth/vagina, keratinized variety forms the epidermis of skin/dry membrane

stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

embryonic connective tissue
-gives rise to all other connective tissues
-gel like ground substance with fibers and star-shaped cells

mesenchyme

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

structural elements: cells, fibers, ground substance

functions:
-binding and support: ligaments and tendons
-protection: bones of cranium, fat for kidneys
-storage: fat for energy, bone for calcium
-transport: blood

connective tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

contains:
-macrophage: engulfs debris or dead tissues
-fibroblast: secretes resources that give fiber types
-mast: immune cells that secrete histamine
-neutrophil: “wondering cells”, destroying bacterial cells

cell types of connective tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

strongest and most abundant type, 25% of body’s protein, provides high tensile strength

collagen (white fibers) (fiber type of connective tissue)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

network of long, thin elastic fibers that allow for stretch (skin, arteries)

elastic (fiber type of connective tissue)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

short, fine, mesh, highly branched collagenous fibers; abundant in the stroma of lymph nodes and liver

reticular (fiber type of connective tissue)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

non living material
-medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
-solid/semisolid
-viscous
-components: interstitial fluid, proteoglycans, cell adhesion proteins

ground substance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

gel like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells
*fewer fibers, more ground substance

function: wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid

location: widely distributed under epithelia of body i.e. forms lamina propria of mucous membranes, packages organs, surrounds capillaries

loose connective tissue; areolar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast
*more fibers, less ground substance

function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength

location: fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract

dense connective tissue; dense irregular

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibro

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers from an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae

function: supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress

location: forms most of embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx

hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate

function: tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

location: intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint

fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

closely packed chondrocytes in lacunae; abundant elastic fibers that form weblike mesh; limited ground substance function: maintains shape while permitting extensive flexibility location: external ear, epiglottis of larynx

elastic cartilage

functions of the skin

1. resistance to trauma and infection (protection) 2. immune defense 3. vitamin D3 synthesis (metabolic regulation) 4. sensations: heat, cold, pressure, vibration 5. thermoregulation 6. nonverbal communication

covers front of hands and bottoms of feet -epidermis is 0.5mm thick

thick skin

covers rest of the body -epidermis is 0.1mm thick

thin skin

most superficial layers (superficial to deep): -stratum corneum -stratum lucidum (only in thick skin) -stratum spinosum -stratum basale

epidermis

under epidermis/middle layer

dermis

energy reservoir and thermal insulation

subcutaneous tissue (fat)

only found in thick skin, serves as padding

stratum lucidum

stem cells divide to create keratinocytes (most abundant cell)

stratum basale

cells create spikes when stained

stratum spinosum

filled with granulocytes that help form protective barrier, depositing of kertain takes place (thick protein that kills cells to create keratinized layer)

stratum granulosum

living- doesn't contain keratin dead- contains keratin

keratyinocytes

detects sensations

tactile cells

produces melanin, protects nucleus from UV lightening

melanocytes

0.2mm to 4mm thick; blood supply and nerve endings; facial muscles attach for expressions; contains hair follicles; arrector pili muscles -contains papillary and reticular layers

dermis

superficial layer of dermis with extensive nerve fibers, sensory nerve fibers that detect pressure/vibration/cold, motor nerve fibers that controls blood flow and gland secretions; forms dermal papillae and composed of areolar connective tissue

papillary dermal layer

80% thickness, deepest layer, contains: pressure receptors, blood vessels, collagen fibers, phagocytes

reticular dermal layer

subcutaneous tissue, has more areolar and adipose than dermis has

hypodermis

most superficial layer of epidermis; 20-30 layers of dead, flattened, keratin filled keratinocytes

stratum corneum

functions of the skeleton

1. protection 2. movement 3. reservoir for minerals 4. red blood cell production

composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments

skeletal system

rigid organ

bone

forerunner of most bones; covers many joint surfaces of mature bone

cartilage

holds bones together at joints (bone to bone)

ligaments

attach muscle to bone

tendons

dense or cortical bone; 80% of bone mass -provides strength and rigidity

compact bone

cancellous or trabecular bone; 20% of bone mass -provides stress relief throughout the bone

spongy bone

semirigid connective tissue; more flexible than bone

cartilage

longer than they are wide examples: arm/leg bones

long bones

wider than they are long examples: hand/foot bones

short bones

flat examples: skull bones

flat bones

have no designed shape examples: vertebra

irregular bones

ends of bones

epiphysis

middle shaft

diaphysis

contains growth plate (epiphyseal line), separates epiphysis from diaphysis

metaphysis

continuous with tendons, where regenerator cells are found, provides support for blood vessels

periosteum

soft tissue occupying marrow cavities of long bones and small spaces of spongy bones

bone marrow

contains hemopoietic tissue which produces blood cells

red marrow (myeloid tissue)

fatty marrow that does not produces blood, found in adults

yellow marrow

contains ground substance, fibers, and cells; soft organic substances that undergoes mineralization (calcifies)

osseous tissue

found in periosteum; mitotically active (can divide)

osteogenic cell

lays down bone under endosteum/periosteum; synthesize organic matter of bone matrix; nonmitotic

osteoblasts

building former osteoblasts in matrix that now resides in lacunae; cytoplasmic process that reaches into canaliculi; connect to osteoblasts; importance of canals

osteocytes

breaking down ruffled border; increases cell surface area; reside in pits: resorption bays

osteoclasts

osteoid produced by osteoblasts; collagen protein; semisolid ground substance of proteoglycans and glycooproteins

organic components

salt crystals and calcium phosphate; interacts with calcium hydroxide (forms crystals: hydroxyapatite); crystals deposit around collagen fibers; harden matrix and account for rigidity of bones

inorganic components

growth in length occurs within internal regions of cartilage; dependent upon growth of cartilage within the epiphyseal plate

interstitial growth

produce cartilage matrix

chondroblasts

chondoblasts encased within the matrix; occupy small spaces: lacunae; maintain the matrix

chondrocytes

growth in width occurs on cartilage's outside edge; occurs within the periosteum -osteoblasts build bone at the circumferential lamellae and osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity

appositional growth

formation and development of bone/connective tissue; begins in the embryo; continues through childhood and adolescence

ossification or osteogenesis

bone growth within a membrane produces: -flat bones of skull -some facial bones -mandible -central part of clavicle

intramembranous ossification

steps of intramembranous ossification

1. ossification centers from within thickened regions of mesenchyme 2. osteoid undergoes calcification 3. woven bone and surrounding periosteum form 4. lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact and spongy bone form

embryonic development; produces most bones of skeleton; mesenchyme develops into body of hyaline cartilage

endochondral ossification

steps of endochondral ossification

1. fetal hyaline cartilage model develops: chondroblasts secrete cartilage matrix during 8th to 12th week of development 2. cartilage calcifies, a periosteal bone collar forms: chondrocytes in the cartilage model produce holes in the matrix, matrix calcifies and chondrocytes die- produces calcified cartilage shaft with large holes 3. primary ossification center forms in diaphysis: periosteal bud extends from periosteum into cartilage shaft, growth of capillaries and osteoblasts; osteoblasts produce osteoid on calcified cartilage template; bone development extends in both directions towards epiphyses 4. secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses: hyaline cartilage calcifies and degenerates; blood vessels and osteoprogenitor cells enter; secondary ossification centers form 5. bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates 6. lengthwise growth continues until epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines: growth continues until epiphyseal plate is covered to epiphyseal line indicates bones has reached adult length

continues throughout adulthood; occurs at different rates; 20% of skeleton are replaced yearly; dependent upon the coordinated activities of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts; influenced by hormones and mechanical stress

bone remodeling

dwell constitutively in tissues and organs examples: fibroblasts

resident cells

cells that wander due to a signal examples: macrophages, lymphocytes

wandering cells

Unit 2 Flashcards

(82 cards)