Unit 1 Flashcards by Joriel Delgadillo

The measure of the current flow rate in the X-ray tube that determines the number of X-ray photons that will be produced per second is:

Distance
Exposure Time
Milliamperage (mA)
Kilovoltage (kV)

milliamperage (mA)

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The discovery of x-rays is credited to Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen on:

January 12, 1910
November 8, 1895
July 4, 1776
December 25, 1974

November 8, 1895

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These deterministic effects are predictable and the exposure required to produce them is well documented. The severity of the effect depends on the dose.

short-term somatic effects
long-term somatic effects
genetic effects
none of these are correct

Short-term somatic effects

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This x-ray pioneer invented photographic film using cellulose nitrate as a substitute for glass and produced the first radiographic film in 1914.

Thomas Edison
George Eastman
William Coolidge
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

George Eastman

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To measure therapeutic radiation doses, as well as specific tissue doses received in diagnostic applications, this SI unit for dose measurement is used.

radiation equivalent in man (rem)
radiation absorbed dose (rad)
gray (Gy)
sievert (Sv)

gray (Gy)

SI (Gy or Sv)
British (Rad or Rem)

Gray = Rad
Sievert = Rem

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The overall blackness of the image is referred to as:

optical density
image contrast
image detail
distortion

optical density

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The source of electrons (filament) is located on this negatively charged end of the X-ray tube.

cathode
target
collimator
anode

cathode

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X-rays that have exited the tube but have yet to be attenuated by the patient’s body are referred to as:

primary radiation
scatter radiation
remnant radiation
none of these are correct

primary radiation

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These somatic and stochastic biological effects are random and there is no threshold amount of exposure that must be received for them to occur. The severity of the effect is random.

short-term somatic effects
long-term somatic effects
genetic effects
none of these are correct

long-term somatic effects (stochastic)

Short term somatic effects (deterministic)- associated with high-dose exposures. They are predictable and their severity is dose dependent.

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The more energy an electromagnetic energy has as it travels, the ________ its wavelength and the _______ its frequency.

shorter;greater
longer;greater

shorter;greater

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A health maintenance organization (HMO) provides:

Healthcare on a fee-for-service basis.
Complete and comprehensive health care for the cost of a fee called copay.
Free choice of physician and hospital.
Reduced rates for care by specialists.

Complete and comprehensive health care for the cost of a fee called copay.

HMO also provides preventative healthcare and other needed health services

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A physician specialist in medical imaging who interprets diagnostic images and provides reports to referring physicians is called a(n)

Radiologist
Radiographer
Oncologist
Hospitalist

Radiologist

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A professional organization for radiographers and all radiologic technologists is the:

ASRT
ACR
JRCERT
SDMS

ASRT
(American Society of Radiology Technologists)

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If a technologist has a question about the imaging orders for a patient, who would be the BEST person to ask for clarification?

The patient’s nurse
The radiologist
The patient
The ordering/referring physician

The ordering/referring physician

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The federal health insurance program in the United States that covers a portion of the medical care costs for those over age 65 is called:

Medicare
HMO
Eldercare
Medicaid

Medicare

Medicaid- Federal program to assist the indigent (poor) with healthcare costs

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The organization that establishes minimum standards for certification in various imaging specialties and radiation therapy, conducts qualifying examinations and certifies those who pass is called.

ASRT
ACR
ARRT
AMA

ARRT
(American Registered Radiology Technologists)

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Radiography is considered as a ______ service

Therapeutic
Diagnostic
Billing
Laboratory

Diagnostic

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Radiographers must renew their ARRT registration every _____ and complete _____ every 2 years.

Two years, 12 hours of continuing education units
Year, 12 hours of continuing education units
Year, 24 hours of continuing education units
None of the above

Year, 24 hours of continuing education units

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Which of the following does NOT represent a responsibility of the radiographer?

Providing the patient with considerate and respectful care.

Keeping patient information confidential.

Providing patients with complete and accurate information regarding diagnosis and treatment and their results.

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Which of the following organizations provide accreditation for healthcare institutions?

The Joint Commission
ASRT
Occupational Safety and Health
JRCERT

The Joint Commission

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A charge of battery may result if the patient is:

Verbally threatened
Physically touched
Allowed to fall
Restrained without orders

Physically touched

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A law enacted under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to protect the privacy rights of patients is called the:

Consumer Assurance of Radiologic Excellence (CARE)
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Privacy and Confidentiality Assurance Act (PCAA)
Healthcare Privacy Act (HPA)

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

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A negative and destructive response to the chronic strain of dealing with the demands and problems of others that is characterized by exhaustion, dissatisfaction, anxiety, and eventually apathy is called:

Burnout
Empathy
Objectivity
Sympathy

Burnout

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A sensitivity to the needs of others that allows you to meet those needs constructively is characteristic of:

Sympathy
Self-actualization
Objectivity
Empathy

Empathy

Sympathy is a feeling of concern for someone
Empathy is the ability to share their feelings

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A tort is a(an): Civil wrong Misdemeanor Felony Award for victims of negligence

Civil wrong

According to the legal doctrine of respondeat superior: The employer is responsible for the negligent actions of the employee. The employee is responsible for the actions of the employer. The employee is responsible for his/her own actions. None of the answer options are correct.

The employer is responsible for the negligent actions of the employee.

Arm and leg restraints applied without either the patient’s permission or a physician’s order could result in charges of: Battery Slander Invasion of privacy False imprisonment Negligence

False imprisonment False imprisonment- unjustifiable detention of a person against his or her will.

Forms of intentional misconduct include: Invasion of privacy, slander, libel Battery, negligence, false imprisonment Slander, malpractice, assault Negligence, assault, battery

Invasion of privacy, slander, libel Invasion of privacy- confidentiality has not been maintained or when the patient’s body has been improperly and unnecessarily exposed or touched. Slander- malicious spreading of (verbal) information that causes defamation of character or loss of reputation. Libel-malicious spreading of (written) information that causes defamation of character or loss of reputation.

If a radiographer attempts to gain a patient’s cooperation by threatening harm, this offense is termed: invasion of privacy assault slander battery

assault ## Footnote invasion of privacy-confidentiality has not been maintained or when the patient’s body has been improperly and unnecessarily exposed or touched. slander- malicious spreading of information (verbally) that causes defamation of character or loss of reputation. battery- unlawful touching of a person without consent

Mandatory, specific, and enforceable standards of minimally acceptable professional conduct for all registered technologists are called: The Laws of Practice The Rules of Ethics The Code of Ethics The Hippocratic Oath

The Rules of Ethics

Standards of correct behavior by professional groups are known as: Code of Ethics Regulations Morals Torts

Code of Ethics

The term ethics refers to: Moral principles or values Legal responsibility The need for confidentiality Professional liability

Moral principles or values

When a radiographer innocently commits an error as the result of following the order of a physician, the physician may be held responsible according to the: Rule of professional responsibility Doctrine of borrowed servant Doctrine of non compos mentis Doctrine of respondeat superior

Doctrine of borrowed servant

Which of the following statements about informed consent is not true? Signed forms may be filled in after the procedure is completed. Only the physician named on the form may perform the procedure. Patients must sign the form after an explanation of the procedure but before sedation is given.

Signed forms may be filled in after the procedure is completed

Which of the following would not be a malpractice prevention? Confinement Compliance Confidentiality Communication

Confinement

The "E" in AIDET stands for: Explanation Evaluation Emotions Expression

Explanation ## Footnote Acknowledge Introduce Duration Explanation Thanks

Cultural differences can result in differing perceptions for which of the following behaviors? 1. Eye contact 2. A casual hug 3. Pointing your finger at the patient

1, 2, and 3

The best place to verify the patient's full name and date of birth is the: radiology exam room after the exam has been completed radiology waiting room facility's lobby radiology exam room

radiology exam room

Which term describes assertiveness? Angry and frustrated Depressed and moody Argumentative and hostile Calm, firm expression of feelings

Calm, firm expression of feelings

Which of the following statements regarding nonverbal communication is not true? Nonverbal messages may be either positive or negative. Hand gestures, facial expressions, and posture can convey feelings nonverbally. Nonverbal behaviors have the same interpretations in all cultures.

Nonverbal behaviors have the same interpretations in all cultures

Arm and leg restraints applied without a physician’s order could result in charges of: Slander False imprisonment Negligence Invasion of privacy Battery

False imprisonment

If a radiographer attempts to gain a patient’s cooperation by threatening harm, this offense is termed: Invasion of privacy Battery Assault Slander

Assault

Who is credited with the discovery of x-radiation? When? William Coolidge, 1910 Marie Curie, 1904 Thomas Edison, 1912 Wilhelm Roentgen, 1895

Wilhelm Roentgen, 1895

Aphasia is a defect or loss of: Sight Hearing Touch Language

Language

Which of the following statements regarding nonverbal communication is NOT true? Nonverbal behaviors reveal a great deal about how we feel. Hand gestures, facial expressions, and posture can convey feelings nonverbally. Nonverbal behaviors have the same interpretations in all cultures. Nonverbal messages may be either positive or negative.

Nonverbal behaviors have the same interpretations in all cultures

The three (3) cardinal principles of radiation protection are: mA, kVp, time mAs, SID, filtration Time, distance, shielding Density, contrast, recorded detail

Time, distance, shielding

A health maintenance organization (HMO) provides: Healthcare on a fee-for-service basis Preventative healthcare and other needed health services Free choice of physician and hospital Reduced rates for care by specialists

Preventative healthcare and other needed health services ## Footnote HMO also provides a complete and comprehensive health care for the cost of a fee called copay.

True or False The patient has the right to know the identity of the radiographer and others involved in their care.

True

A radiation unit in the SI system used to measure dose equivalents for occupational exposure. radiation equivalent in man (rem) radiation absorbed dose (rad) gray (Gy) sievert (Sv)

Sievert (Sv) ## Footnote SI (Gy or Sv) British (Rad or Rem) Gray = Rad Sievert = Rem

Deaf patients and hearing-impaired patients differ in that the deaf patients: a. Will not respond to sounds outside their field of vision b. Uses gestures or writing motions to express the need for paper and pencil c. Uses lip movements without making a sound d. All of the above e. B and C only

d. All of the above

Which ASRT Code of Ethics principle relates to confidentiality in a health care setting? 9th principle 7th principle 5th principle 3rd principle

9th principle

According to the legal doctrine of respondeat superior: The employee is responsible for the actions of the employer. The employer is responsible for the negligent actions of the employee. The employee is responsible for his/her own actions. None of the above.

The employer is responsible for the negligent actions of the employee

Technologists who work with fluoroscopy may wear two dosimeters that are worn: 1. Outside the lead apron 2. At the collar level 3. At the waist level 4. Underneath the lead apron 5. All of the above

5. All of the above

A law enacted under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to protect the privacy rights of patients is called the: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Consumer Assurance of Radiologic Excellence (CARE) Healthcare Privacy Act (HPA) Privacy and Confidentiality Assurance Act (PCAA)

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

The majority of radiography education programs today are based in: Proprietary schools Hospitals Clinics Colleges

Colleges

A radiation unit in the SI system used to measure patient dose: radiation equivalent in man (rem) radiation absorbed dose (rad) gray (Gy) sievert (Sv)

Gray (Gy) ## Footnote SI (Gy or Sv) British (Rad or Rem) Gray = Rad Sievert = Rem

Standards of correct behavior by professional groups are known as: Torts Regulations Morals Code of ethics

Code of ethics

When dealing with preschool children, it is important to: Calm them by giving them many choices. Let them know who is in charge. Keep directions simple, direct, and honest. Tell a crying child, “Stop that, or we can’t take all the pictures!”

Keep directions simple, direct, and honest

A professional organization for radiographers and all radiologic technologists is the: ACR JRCERT ASRT SDMS

ASRT

The inventor of the fluoroscope, who also invented hundreds of fluorescent materials, was: Coolidge Pupin Roentgen Edison

Edison

If a non-pregnant technologist is performing an exam that requires him/her to wear a lead apron, the personnel radiation monitoring device should be worn: a. Outside the apron b. At the waist c. On the collar d. At the wrist e. A and C

e. A and C Outside the apron. On the collar.

The inventor of the hot cathode x-ray tube, the prototype of the x-ray tubes of today was: Coolidge Pupin Roentgen Edison

Coolidge

Which of the following would NOT be a malpractice prevention? Compliance Communication Confidentiality Confinement

Confinement

When instructions are given to a non-English speaking patient, it is BEST to: Draw detailed pictures Speak English slowly and firmly Use a sympathetic family member who speaks English Use a certified interpreter

Use a certified interpreter

Which of the following statements is NOT true with respect to deterministic (nonstochastic) radiation effects? They occur with relatively high radiation doses, greater than 0.5 Gy. They are short-term effects, occurring within the first months after exposure. Their severity is dependent upon dose. They occur randomly with respect to individuals.

They occur randomly with respect to individuals.

A device used to control the size of the radiation field is a: Collimator Detent Tube housing Filter

Collimator

Devices for monitoring radiation exposure to personnel are called: dosimeters PACS rads rems

Dosimeters

A tort is a(an): Civil wrong Felony Award for victims of negligence Misdemeanor

Civil wrong

ALARA Stands For: Always Leave and Run Away A Low Area for Radiation Abuse As Low As Reasonably Achievable A Level of Radiation that is All right

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

___________ effects in the form of changes or mutations to the genes can be caused when the ovaries or testes are exposed to ionizing radiation. Short-term Genetic Somatic Deterministic

Genetic

Which ASRT Code of Ethics principle requires radiographers to put aside all personal prejudice and emotional bias when rendering professional services? 5th principle 9th principle 3rd principle 2nd principle

3rd principle

All of the following devices can be used to reduce radiation exposure to the patient, except: Gonad shield Grid High kVp, low mAs technique Collimator

Grid

Which of the following statements about informed consent is NOT true? Only the physician named on the form may perform the procedure. Signed forms may be filled in after the procedure is completed. Patients must sign the form after an explanation of the procedure but before sedation is given.

Signed forms may be filled in after the procedure is completed

The federal health insurance program in the United States that covers a portion of the medical care costs for those over age 65 is called: HMO Eldercare Medicare Medicaid

Medicare

Which term describes assertiveness? Argumentative Forceful Firm Persuasive

Firm

Which of the following is NOT a long-term (stochastic) radiation effect? Erythema Cataractogenesis Leukemia Thyroid cancer

Erythema Erythema- reddening of the skin Cataractogenesis- clouding of the lens of the eye Leukemia- group of malignant diseases affecting the bone marrow. Thyroid cancer- disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the thyroid gland.

Forms of intentional misconduct include: Slander, malpractice, assault Battery, negligence, false imprisonment Invasion of privacy, slander, libel Negligence, assault, battery

Invasion of privacy Slander Libel

True or False Once an informed consent is signed, the patient cannot refuse treatment before, during, or after the procedure.

False

A radiation unit in the British system used to measure dose equivalents for occupational exposure. radiation equivalent in man (rem) radiation absorbed dose (rad) gray (Gy) sievert (Sv)

radiation equivalent in man (rem) ## Footnote SI (Gy or Sv) British (Rad or Rem) Gray = Rad Sievert = Rem

According to the Laws of Bergonié and Tribondeau, which of the following statements is true? Nonspecialized cells are less sensitive to radiation injury than highly complex cells. Young cells are more sensitive to radiation injury than older cells. Cells that multiply rapidly are less sensitive to radiation injury than those that do not. Cells with a high metabolic rate are less sensitive than those with a low rate.

Young cells are more sensitive to radiation injury than older cells.

Which ASRT Code of Ethics principle requires radiographers to protect themselves and all patients and staff from exposure to unnecessary radiation? 7th principle 5th principle 1st principle 4th principle

7th principle

Cultural differences can result in differing perceptions of which of the following behaviors? Eye contact A casual hug A loud, firm voice All of the above

All of the above Eye contact A casual hug A loud, firm voice

A radiation unit in the British system used to measure patient dose: radiation equivalent in man (rem) radiation absorbed dose (rad) gray (Gy) sievert (Sv)

radiation absorbed dose (rad) ## Footnote SI (Gy or Sv) British (Rad or Rem) Gray = Rad Sievert = Rem

Which of the following does NOT represent a responsibility of the radiographer? Providing the patient with considerate and respectful care. Avoidance of discrimination in professional practice. Keeping patient information confidential. Providing patients with complete and accurate information regarding diagnosis and treatment.

Providing patients with complete and accurate information regarding diagnosis and treatment

Which ASRT Code of Ethics principle addresses the issue of professional responsibility? 5th principle 9th principle 7th principle 3rd principle

5th principle

A charge of battery may result if the patient is: Physically struck Allowed to fall Verbally threatened Restrained without orders

Physically struck

True or False According to the rule of personal responsibility, each person is liable for his/her own negligent conduct.

True

True or False Res Ipsa Loquitor is a legal document applied when wrongful acts have been committed by an employee under the physician’s orders.

False ## Footnote Res Ipsa Loquitor- applied when negligence and loss are so apparent that they would be obvious to anyone Respondeat Superior- the employer is responsible for the negligent actions of the employee.

A process in which the health care professional helps the client to a better understanding is termed: Validation of communication Interpersonal communication Oral communication Therapeutic communication

Therapeutic communication

True or False The standard of reasonable care requires a person to perform as any reasonable person would perform under similar circumstances.

True