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APES > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Convection Currents

A

Heat staring at the interior and flows toward the surface

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2
Q

What is the cause of plate movements?

A

Convection currents

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3
Q

When two plates move toward each other

A

Convergent

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4
Q

Subduction zone

A

Convergent - continental and oceanic plate (oceanic plate ALWAYS go below)

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5
Q

Creates mountains, island arcs, earthquakes, volcanoes, trenches

A

Convergent boundary

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6
Q

When two plates move away from each other

A

Divergent

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7
Q

Creates earthquakes, sea floor spreading, rift valley, volcanoes, ridges

A

Divergent boundary

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8
Q

Rift valley

A

Land is being pulled apart

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9
Q

When two plates slide past each other

A

Transform boundary

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10
Q

Causes earthquakes

A

Transform boundary

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11
Q

Occurs at an existing fault line

A

Earthquakes

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12
Q

Earthquakes

A

Abrupt movement of a massive amount of stored energy that’s held in place by friction

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13
Q

Hotspot

A

A large plume of hot mantle material rising from deep within the earth

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14
Q

Tsunami

A

An underground earthquake

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15
Q

Consequences of tsunamis

A

Destroys habitat, uproots trees, drowns species, contaminates water w/saltwater + debris

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16
Q

Soil ecosystem services

A

Good from natural resources/services that ecosystems carry out that have measurable economic/financial value to humans

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17
Q

Parent material

A

45% mineral particles, 25% water, air 25%, 5% organic matter

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18
Q

Physical weathering

A

Mechanical breakdown of rocks + minerals
AGENTS: wind, water, temp varies (freeze/thaw)
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS: plant roots + burrowing animals

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19
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Breakdown of rocks + minerals by chemical reactions or dissolving of chemical elements from rock
AGENTS: natural acid in rain, lichen (fungi/lichen), can produce weak acid, acid rain

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20
Q

Erosion + disposition

A

Transport of weathered rock fragments by wind/water + varied new location + deposits

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21
Q

Factors affecting soil + rate for formation

A

Parent material, topography, climate, organisms

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22
Q

Topography

A

Steepness: steep slope = lots of erosion, more level = deposition

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23
Q

Soil horizons

A

O, A, B, C, R

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24
Q

O horizon

A
  • decaying organic material (humus)
  • source of nutrients for the soil
  • organic horizon
  • most pronounced in forests + some grasslands
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25
Q

What horizon is most pronounced in forests + some grass lands

A

O horizon

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26
Q

What horizon is the source of nutrients for the soil

A

O horizon

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27
Q

A horizon

A
  • top soil
  • zone where organic matter (top) and sediment minerals (bottom) are mixed together
  • thicker/darker it is = healthier it is
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28
Q

Which horizon has a zone where organic matter (top) and sediment minerals (bottom) are mixed together

A

A horizon

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29
Q

B horizon

A
  • subsoil
  • mineral material w/very little organic material
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30
Q

What horizon is mineral material

A

B horizon

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31
Q

What horizon is top soil

A

A horizon

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32
Q

What horizon is subsoil

A

B horizon

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33
Q

C horizon

A
  • parent material
  • least weathered portion of soil profile
    *more rock —> need dynamite
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34
Q

What horizon is parent material

A

C horizon

35
Q

What horizon has the least weather portion of soil profile

A

C horizon

36
Q

R horizon

A
  • eluvial layer
  • not present in all soils
  • leached of clay, minerals, organic matter
  • light in colors
  • usually occurs in sandy forests soils in high rainfall areas
37
Q

What horizon is not present in all soils

A

R horizon

38
Q

What horizon is light in color

A

R horizon

39
Q

What horizon is thick and dark in color

A

A horizon

40
Q

What horizon usually occurs in sandy forests soils in high rainfall areas

A

R horizon

41
Q

Soil degradation

A

Loss of the ability to support plant growth

42
Q

Why does soil degradation occur

A

Loss of top soil due to tiling, compaction (harder to hold moisture —> dry soil + erodes faster), nutrient depletion

43
Q

Soil texture

A

Sand > silt > clay

44
Q

Porosity

A

The amount of pore space a soil had

45
Q

Permeability

A

How easily water drains through a soil

46
Q

H2O holding capacity

A

How well water is retained/held by a soil

47
Q

Ideal soil texture

A

Loam

48
Q

Soil fertility

A

Ability to support plant growth

49
Q

Soil nutrients

A

N, K, Ça, P, Mg, Na

50
Q

Increasing soil nutrients

A

Organic matter, humus, décomposer, clay

51
Q

Decreasing soil nutrients

A

Acids, excessive rain/irrigation, excessive farming, top soil erosion

52
Q

Atmosphere %

A

78% nitrogen
20.95% oxygen
.93% argon
.038% carbon dioxide

53
Q

Atmosphere absorbs…

A

UV radiation

54
Q

Atmosphere reduces…

A

Extreme temp changes

55
Q

Farthertest layer of the atmosphere

A

Exosphere

56
Q

What occurs at the thermosphere

A

Northern lights

57
Q

What occurs in the mesosphere

A

Mediores

58
Q

What is the stratosphere

A

Ozone layer

59
Q

What is the troposphere

A

Where we live + where wether occurs

60
Q

Factors that influence atmospheric circulation

A
  1. Density properties of air
  2. Energy from sun
  3. Rotation of earth
61
Q

Coriolis effect

A

Deflection of objects traveling in atmosphere due to rotation of earth

62
Q

What happens to warm air and cold air

A

Warm air rises and cold air sinks

63
Q

Warm vapor capacity

A

Warm air hold more water

64
Q

Air rises

A

Expands in volume + lowers temp —> rain

65
Q

Air sinks

A

Forced to decrease volume + raises temp

66
Q

Where is sunlight most direct

A

At the equator

67
Q

What is the pressure at 30N or 30S

A

High pressure (push down)

68
Q

What is the pressure at the equator

A

Low pressure (push up)

69
Q

How we effect watershed

A

Logging, residential (pesticide/fertilizer/animal/car), livestock + crop land, dam

70
Q

How is the earth tilted during June + December solstices?

A

N or S hemisphere is maximally tilted toward sun

71
Q

How is the earth tilted during March + September solstices?

A

N and S hemisphere is equally facing the sun

72
Q

Insolation

A

The amount of solar radiation (energy from the sun rays) reaching an area

73
Q

Albedo

A

Portion of light that is reflected by a surface

74
Q

High albedo

A

Reflects more light + absorbs less (ice/snow) —> absorbs less heat

75
Q

Low albedo

A

Reflect less light + absorb more (water) —> absorbs more heat

76
Q

Rain shadows cause…

A

Desertification

77
Q

Mountains can…

A

Disrupt wind + produce rain shadow effect

78
Q

Oceans can…

A

Moderate temperature + add moisture to air

79
Q

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

A

Pattern of shifting atmosphere pressure + ocean currents in Pacific Ocean between S America + Australia

80
Q

Normal wind conditions

A

Trade winds head toward the equator (vertical), surface waters travel west towards Australia, upwelling occurring east by South America

81
Q

El Niño wind conditions

A

Northeast trade winds toward the equator, surface waters move east towards South America, upwelling occurs by west - Australia

82
Q

La Nina wind conditions

A

Increased upwelling in South America, warmer weather in Australia and SE Asia

83
Q

Less upwelling means…

A

Fishing suffers

APES (6 decks)

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