Unit 6 - Energy Resources + Consumption

Question 1

Types of energy (10)

Answer 1

• coal
• oil
• natural gas
• biomass
• biofuels
• nuclear
• hydro
• wind
• solar
• geothermal

Question 2

Energy sources for electricity (7)

Answer 2

• coal
• oil
• nuclear
• hydro
• wind
• solar
• geothermal

Question 3

Energy sources of transportation (3)

Answer 3

• Oil
• Natural gas
• biofuels

Question 4

Energy sources for heating (4)

Answer 4

• Natural gas
• biomass
• solar
• geothermal

Question 5

Nonrenewable energy sources

Answer 5

Those that exist in a fixed amount + involve energy transformation that cannot be easily replaced

Question 6

Examples of non renewable energy sources

Answer 6

Coal, oil, ngl gas, nuclear

Question 7

Renewable energy sources

Answer 7

Those that can be replenished naturally, at/near the rate of consumption, and reused

Question 8

Examples of renewable energy sources

Answer 8

Biomass, Biofuels, hydro, wind, solar, geothermal

*cannot be used too quickly

Question 9

How is electricity made?

Answer 9

Generator: magnets need to spin a piece of copper to make energy

FF
1. Burn FF
2. heat, boils water
3. Water —> steam
4. Steam turns a turbine that is connected to a generator

Question 10

Fuel type: Wood

Answer 10

Commonly used as fuel in forms of (1) firewood and (2) charcoal

It is often used in developing countries because it is easily accessible

Question 11

Charcoal

Answer 11

• wood is heated to remove water
• t is lighter than wood + contains about twice as much energy per unit of weight than wood
• when burned, it doesn’t produce as much smoke + does not need to be tended constantly

Question 12

Impacts that result from using wood

Answer 12

• habitat loss
• increase in CO2 (carbon sink + burn)
• loss of biodiversity
• desertification

Question 13

Peat

Answer 13

Partially decomposed organic material that can be burned for fuel
- formed in bogs (wetland) —> more soil
- can be a precursor to coal
- found in answer OC and acidic environments

Question 14

Coal

Answer 14

3 types of coal for fuel
1. Lignite
2. Bituminous
3. Anthracite
- heat, pressure, and depth of burial contribute to the development of

Question 15

Natural Gas

Answer 15

The cleanest of FF (mostly methane CH4)
- FF can be made into specific fuel types for speicalized uses

Question 16

Crude Oil

Answer 16

Can be recovered from tar sands (clay, sand, water, and bitumen)

Question 17

Oil

Answer 17

From plankton, which die and sink to the bottom w/sediments. Under pressure + heat —> mud is cooked into oil (sediment layers)
- 10-100 million years
Separated based on boiling pt in a process called distillation
- fractional distillation of crude oil

Question 18

Oil from Shale Rock

Answer 18

• mine, crush, heat oil shale rock to obtain oil
• location: Bakker fields in N Dakota/Montana
• potential of a tremendous amount of oil
  Environmental impact
• net energy is low
• pollutes largest amount of water
• releases more CO2 per unit of energy than conventional oil

Question 19

Oil from Tar Sands

Answer 19

• moist sand and clay containing a rich heavy form of petroleum - bitumen
• location: Alberta, Konda
• under boreal forest
• produces 3-5 times more GHGs that producing conventional oil
• uses huge amount of water
• creates tailing pond w/toxic surge
• need to burn natural gas in order to process

Question 20

Oil in the News

Answer 20

Keystone Pipeline XL
- transCanada wanted to add a pipeline that would bring oil from Alberta, Canada to refineries in S US
- in the news since 2010
Bps Deep Horizon Oil Spill
- 2010
- world’s biggest accidental oil spill
- 4.9 million barrels of oil spilled in 3 months

Question 21

Natural Gas

Answer 21

Methane (mostly hydrogen)
- Methane is produced when plants decay w/o oxygen
- can be harvested from sewage plants, landfills, and livestock + crop waste
- commercial scale production is from oil and coal formations
- US: fracking - drilling horizontally + fracturing rock w/high pressure water
- burns cleaner than coal

Question 22

Benefits of Fracking

Answer 22

• creates jobs + economic benefits
• emits half the amount of CO2 compared to coal
• reduce missions by 10%

Question 23

Coal

Answer 23

Starts as plants in swamps, gets covered w/sediments +cooked under pressure
- emissions: NOx, SOx, Hg, Pb, U, As, Ash, CO2
- simple, available + cheap
- largest electricity source

Question 24

Clean coal

Answer 24

• CO2 is still there, but they get NOx and SOx and mercury out
• by removing pollutants, you used more energy —> use more coal

Question 25

Nuclear Energy

Answer 25

• an atom splits into 2 smaller nuclear along with/by product particles
• reaction gives off heat
• heat can be used to produce steam that tuns generators that then produce electricity

Question 26

Types of Nuclear Fuel

Answer 26

Uranium - 235
Uranium - 238
Plutonium - 239

Question 27

Uranium - 235

Answer 27

• has the ability to produce fission chain reaction
• less than 1% of alll natural uranium
• processed to separate out U-235 is known as enriched uranium
• nuclear weapons contain 85% or more U—235
• nuclear power plant contains 3% of U-235
• half life of 700 million years

Question 28

Enriched Uranium

Answer 28

Take all uranium atoms + separating to keep 235

Question 29

Uranium - 238

Answer 29

• most common isotope of urnium
• doesn’t emit enough buttons to sustain reaction

Question 30

Plutonium - 239

Answer 30

• half life of 24,000 years
• produced in reactions from U-238
• provides about 1/3 total energy produced in a typically commercial nuclear power plant
• can be used for nuclear weapons

Question 31

Radioactive Half Life

Answer 31

• radioactive nuclei decay/breakdown + give off energy (radiation) even w/o fission
• half-life: the amount of time it takes for 50% aid a radioactive substance to decay (breakdown)
  — CO-60 has half-life of 5.27 years