Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 373 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is physiology ?

A

the study of function of living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is difference between function and process?

A

function is why and process is how

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is homeostasis ?

A

the maintenance of a typical stable internal environment, maintains mainly ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

are the cells in the boy in direct contact with the external environment ?

A

no there will always be a layer a fluid between

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

who is walter cannon? and what is he know for ?

A

‘the father of homeostasis’ ; know for flight or flight response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is reflex control?

A

its is either neural or endocrine; has a response at a distant site(cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is local (paracrine) control?

A

they diffuse at neighbouring cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the 7 path response loop ?

A

Stimulus
sensor
input signal (afferent)
integrating center
output signal (efferent)
target cell
response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does a negative feedback loop do ?

A

stabilizes variable if something goes up negative loop will go down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does positive feedback loop do ?

A

enhances variable (increases stimulus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does feedforward do ? is it homeostatic ?

A

anticipates change; no its not homeostatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how many cells are in the human body

A

75 trillions cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how is homeostasis achieved ?

A

with both nervous and endocrine systems working with electrical and chemical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are electrical signals?

A

when there are changes in the membrane potential in the nerve and muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are chemical signals?

A

majority of communication ; secreted in the ECF by all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are 3 long range cell to cell communication ?

A

Endocrine,Neural & Neuroendocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the endocrine commincation?

A

a chemical hormone is released into the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body to multiple target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is neural communication?

A

an electrical signal (AP) that travels down neuron when it reaches the terminal it becomes a chemical (neurotransmitter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is neuroendocrine?

A

combination of neural & endocrine communication electrical signal become chemical and secreted into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what defines are a target cell ?

A

a cell that has a receptors for a specific signal that will respond to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a receptor?

A

a protein that is outside a membrane or within the cytoplasm or nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what 3 things do you need to be a surface receptor ?

A

Water soluble,
Hydrophilic
lipophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what 3 things do you need to be to be a intracellular receptor?

A

Water insoluble
Hydrophobic
lipophilic

24
Q

what are the 4 type of receptor ?

A

Ion channel
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)
Enzyme coupled receptor
integrin receptor

25
Q

what is the signal transduction pathway? what is route 1 and route 2?

A

A signal molecule binds to a membrane receptor and initiates signal transduction by protein. Route 1: once signal transduction initiate protein kinases activate and phosphorylate proteins to get a response. Route 2: once signal transduction is initiated amplifier enzymes activate second messenger that either activate protein kinases that will phosphorylate or Calcium that binds and activates protein which give us a response

26
Q

can i ligand have different type of receptors

A

yes

27
Q

Within the signal transduction is it always calcium that the second messanger produce?

A

no

28
Q

what is an agonist ?

A

a molecule that is similar that can activate a receptor

29
Q

what is an antagonist ?

A

a molecule that is similar to ligand and binds to receptor and blocks it

30
Q

what is chlorea ?

A

it produces at toxin that blocks the enzyme activities of G protein and the cell keep making c-amp where it is secreted to the lumen of intestiens

31
Q

what makes up the GPCR

A

the trimeric subunit has and alpha, beta & gamma

32
Q

what two parts of the trimeric are always together ?

A

beta & gamma

33
Q

when is GPCR. inactivated ?

A

when the alpha subunit is attached to GDP & beta gamma complex

34
Q

where is chlorea found

A

in food and water

35
Q

A given signal molecule…
a)

May elicit different responses in different target cells or after binding with different receptor types

b)

Will elicit the same response regardless of the target cell type

c)

Will elicit the same response regardless of the receptor type

A

May elicit different responses in different target cells or after binding with different receptor types

36
Q

What event is common to ALL signal transduction pathways?

Question options:

a)

Calcium ions bind to/activate proteins

b)

Cyclic nucleotides are formed

c)

Proteins change in conformation/activity

d)

Phosphates are transferred between molecules

e)

Protons are transferred between molecules

A

Proteins change in conformation/activity

36
Q

What is a key difference between a local (paracrine) regulator and a hormone?
a)

Local regulators are small, hydrophobic molecules; hormones are either large polypeptides or steroids

b)

Local regulators diffuse to neighbouring cells; hormones usually travel throughout the body to distant target cells

c)

The signal transduction pathways of local regulators do not involve second messengers; pathways triggered by hormones do involve second messengers

d)

Local regulators often open ligand-gated channels and affect ion concentrations in cells; hormones bind with intracellular receptors and affect gene expression

e)

Local regulators initiate short-term responses; hormones trigger longer-lasting responses

A

Local regulators diffuse to neighbouring cells; hormones usually travel throughout the body to distant target cells

37
Q

A hormone traveling in the bloodstream…

Question options:

a)

Travels only to cells with receptors for that hormone

b)

Travels to all cells but elicits responses only in cells with receptors for that hormone

c)

Is drawn to cells bearing its receptors by chemical forces

A

Travels to all cells but elicits responses only in cells with receptors for that hormone

38
Q

A signal molecule needs a second messenger if…

Question options:

a)

It travels to its target via the bloodstream

b)

It readily crosses the plasma membrane and binds to a receptor in the cytosol

c)

It cannot cross the plasma membrane

d)

Both (b) and (c) are true

A

It cannot cross the plasma membrane

39
Q

Second messengers can be…

Question options:

a)

Modified nucleotides

b)

Produced from membrane phospholipids

c)

Ions

d)

All of the above

A

All of the above

40
Q

A second messenger participates in a signal transduction pathway by…

Question options:

a)

Dampening the message once the signal molecule has left the receptor

b)

Transporting a signal molecule through the hydrophobic plasma membrane

c)

Relaying a signal from the outside to the inside of the plasma membrane

d)

Relaying a message from the cytosolic side of the membrane throughout the cytosol

e)

Relaying a message by phosphorylating downstream proteins

A

Relaying a message from the cytosolic side of the membrane throughout the cytosol

41
Q

Glucagon, a protein hormone, acts via a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that acts via increasing intracellular levels of cyclic AMP.

In the situation above, which components would be considered the first and second messengers, respectively?

Question options:

a)

G-protein coupled receptor, adenylyl cyclase

b)

G-protein, Gα subunit

c)

Glucagon, adenylyl cyclase

d)

G-protein, cyclic AMP

e)

Glucagon, cyclic AMP

A

Glucagon, cyclic AMP

42
Q

Once it enters intestinal epithelial cells, cholera toxin will…

Question options:

a)

Act on a trimeric G protein to prevent dissociation of the α subunit from the βγ subunit

b)

Inhibit secretion of water into the intestinal lumen

c)

Inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity

d)

Block GTPase activity of the Gα subunit

e)

b and d

A

Block GTPase activity of the Gα subunit

43
Q

Both norepinephrine (NE) and phenylephrine, a drug used as a decongestant, bind to alpha1 adrenergic receptors and elicit the same response. In this context, phenylephrine is _____ of NE.

Question options:

a)

An antagonist

b)

An antagonist and competitor

c)

An inhibitor

d)

An agonist

e)

An agonist and blocker

A

An agonist

44
Q

When is G protein activated

A

when gtp ase occurs an GDP turns into GTP and beta gamma dissociates

45
Q

when is the g protein inactivated

A

when adenylyl cyclase binds and hydroslysi (gtp ase) phosphate off and become GDP and beta gamma bind again

46
Q

how does chlorea toxin affect the G protiein

A

it prevents hydrolyisis on the g alpha by adding ADP ribose

47
Q

what are cannons 4 postulates

A
  1. the nervous system has a role in maintaining the internal environment

2.some systems are underr tonic control

  1. some systems are under antagonistic control
  2. one chemical signal can different responses in different tissues
48
Q

what are the two things in tonic control control ?

A

when you increase norepinephrine you increase tone (APs)
when you decrease norepinephrine you decrease tonic ( APs)

49
Q

what are the 2 the type of neurons in antagonistic control

A

Sympathetic neuron- increases rate
parasymtheic- decreases heart rate

50
Q

what are central (CNS) receptors

A

are within. or close to the brain

51
Q

what are peripheral (PNS) receptors

A

outside the brain

52
Q

which one is faster neural or endocrine ?

A

neural

53
Q

which one is short in timer neural or endocrine ?

A

neural

54
Q

how is neural stimulus intensity based on ?

A

the frequency

55
Q

what is endocrine stimulus intensity based on ?

A

the amount of hormone secreted

BIOL 373 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions