Unit 2

Question 1

in what 5 steps did the vertebrate in the cns develop ?

Answer 1

1.vertebrae folds within itsself
2. Neural plate border comes together from each side as one
3. The epidermis fuses and seals it into a oval and lays on top
4. The plate border break off and become neural crest cells
5. The neural plate left becomes a neural tube and become the cns

Question 2

what happens at 4 weeks in the development of the CNS and what are the 4 parts

Answer 2

the anterior end of the neural spinal splits into the three regions ( forebrain, hinebrain, midbrain , spinal cord)

Question 3

what happens at week 6 in the development of the CNS
what 3 parts does it split into and what are within those parts

Answer 3

the tube splits into major brain regions present at birth
Hindbrain:
Medulla
Cerebellum and pons

Midbrain as one

Forebrain:
diencephalon
cerebrum

Question 4

what happens at week 11 in the development of the CNS

Answer 4

the smooth cerebrum grows rapidly and more division.

Question 5

what happens at birth in the development of the CNS and what are 6 parts

Answer 5

cerebrum take up majority of brain and the 6 parts are

Cerebrum - (midbrain &diencephalon)

Pons

Cerebellum

Medulla

Spinal Cord

Cranial Nerves

Question 6

what protects the brain

Answer 6

the cranium

Question 7

what protects the spine

Answer 7

the veterbrae

Question 8

what is the arrangement of the meninges surrounding the brain and spine ?

Answer 8

Dura mater is outermost
Arachnoid in the middle
Pia mater is innermost

Question 9

what is the fluid between the layer ?

Answer 9

cerbral spinal fluid

Question 10

what is the name of the meningies

Answer 10

aka dura, arachnoid pia

Question 11

how much fluid filled with CSF ventricles does the brain have and what are they

Answer 11

4 ventricles 2 lats and the 3rd vents and 4 vent

Question 12

what is the choroid plexus

Answer 12

it is patches of ependymal cell that produce CSF

Question 13

Do all the ventricles in the brain produce CSF

Answer 13

yes

Question 14

what does the ependymal cells do ?

Answer 14

they form a barrier between blood vessel (capillaries) & CSF

Question 15

when there is high amounts of protein or a presence of blood cell in the CSF what does that suggest ?

Answer 15

a possible infection

Question 15

how many times is CSF flushed

Answer 15

4

Question 15

what are the other extracellular fluid of the CNS?

Answer 15

interstital fluid and plasma

Question 15

what is interstital fluid ?

Answer 15

surrounds neurons and glilal cells

Question 16

where is plasma ?

Answer 16

in cerebral blood vessels

Question 17

Plasma has alot of high compements in comparasion to CSF like K+ CA+ etc what are the same between the two

Answer 17

the same Na + concentration

Question 18

what are olgiodendrocytes ?

Answer 18

they form mylein in the CNS aka white matter

Question 19

what are astrocytes ?

Answer 19

they regulate ecf

Question 20

what is the circulation of CSF

Answer 20

start in lateral ventricles go to 3rd and fouth accumlate CSF and exit in the 4th vent to the sub arachoid it cicrulate and then goes the to the arachnoid villi within the dural sinus like a bulge and enters the dural sinus specifically the superior saggital sinus where it then goes to the spine and get pumped out inthe heart

Question 21

what is the superior saggital sinus

Answer 21

it is the the biggest component of the dural sinus and where CSF. goes to waste

Question 22

what is hyrdocephalic?

Answer 22

when csf is unable to exit and it cloggs and fills up your brain with fluid and increases pressure and compresses your brain tissue

Question 23

what is the astrocyte foot process ?

Answer 23

secret paracrine factors which promote tight juntions

Question 24

what are tight junctions ?

Answer 24

it prevents solutes from moving in between cells

Question 25

what is the blood brain barrier ?

Answer 25

a barrier that allow lipid soluble (lipophillic) molecules to cross easily and hydrophillic substances need a transporter to cross

Question 26

antihistamine dont cross

Question 27

what is the molecule that crosses the blood brain barries and converts into dopamine

Answer 27

L-Tyrosine to L-dopa

Question 28

what are the two metabolic requirements for neural tissue?

Answer 28

oxygen and glucose

Question 29

what is hypoglacemia

Answer 29

lost of consciousness,confusion and death

Question 30

what are the 4 sections in your spinal cord in order

Answer 30

1. Cervical 2. Thoracic 3. Lumbar 4. Sacrial

Question 31

what is a spinal nerve important for

Answer 31

its a major path for info flow between CNS , skin, join and muscles

Question 32

where do the origin of the symp preganglionic fibres come from

Answer 32

thoraic 1 to lumbar 2 (T1-L2)

Question 33

when does your pre gang parasympathic ?

Answer 33

brain stem and your cravial

Question 34

what is the doral root ganglion

Answer 34

it is a bulge due to cell bodies on afferent nuerons

Question 35

what does the grey matter consist of?

Answer 35

sensory neurons coming in at the most dorsal point of the doral horn and you have motor neurons leaving at the most ventral point of the ventral horn grey matter

Question 36

where does the thoraic lumbar symp pre gang leave

Answer 36

in the ventral grey horn

Question 37

what type of neuron has no dendrites ?

Answer 37

sensory

Question 38

what is within the white matter ?

Answer 38

ascending and descending tracts

Question 39

what are the 3 sensory asecending tracts in white matter ?

Answer 39

spinothalmaic spinocerebellar dorsal columns

Question 40

what is the motor descending tract in the white matter ?

Answer 40

corticospinal tract

Question 41

what does the dosal columns carry ?

Answer 41

fine touch, proprioception

Question 42

what does the spinothalamic carry ?

Answer 42

pain and tempurature

Question 43

what are the two types of cortico tracts?

Answer 43

lateral corticospinal and ventral

Question 44

what does the corticospinal carry

Answer 44

voluntary movement ( wanting to your leg ex)

Question 45

what does the lateral cortico spinal bring info for

Answer 45

limbs

Question 46

what does the ventral cortico spinal bring info for

Answer 46

axial/truck muscles

Question 47

what are the 3 parts of the brain stem?

Answer 47

midbrain medulla pons

Question 48

what does the brain stem do ?

Answer 48

carry out sensory and motor info for the head and neck

Question 49

how many cranial nerves originate from the brain stem

Answer 49

10 out of 12

Question 50

what are the 3 midbrain functions

Answer 50

coordinates eye movement , visual and auditory reflexes

Question 51

what are the 2 pons function?

Answer 51

is a relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum (C&C) and also helps with respiration and breathing

Question 52

what does the medulla do?

Answer 52

in the grey matter it help with involuntary functions ex blood pressue breathing etc

Question 53

what is in the cerebrum and what does is it ?

Answer 53

cortex and subcortial structrurees and it is the site of higher brain functions

Question 54

what does the cerebellum do

Answer 54

coordinates movements

Question 55

what does the decepholon do ?

Answer 55

connect midbrain and fore brain

Question 56

what 4 structure are in the diencephalon?

Answer 56

the thalamus hypothalamus the pituitary gland the pineal gland

Question 57

whar are the four lobes the cerebrum is split into?

Answer 57

occiptial, frontal , parietal and temporal

Question 58

what are the three regions of cerebral grey matter and what each of the there function?

Answer 58

1.basal ganglia : coorindination of movement 2. limbic system : links fear and emotion with high cognitive function 3. cerebral cortex

Question 59

what 3 things make up the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex

Answer 59

1. primary motor cortex 2.motor association 3. Prefrontal association

Question 60

where do desceding fibres originate

Answer 60

in the primary motor cortex

Question 61

what are 2 areas within the parital lobe

Answer 61

the primary somatosensory cortex sensory association area

Question 62

what are the 2 parts in the occipital lobe

Answer 62

visual cortex and visual association

Question 63

what is an association area ?

Answer 63

whenre sensory and motor area intergrate info

Question 64

what are the two parts in the temporal lobe ?

Answer 64

the auditory cortex and auditory association

Question 65

where is the primary motor cortex located ?

Answer 65

infront (anterior) of central sulcus aka precentral gyrus

Question 66

what is within the primary motor cortex ?

Answer 66

cell bodies of descending motor neurons

Question 67

where is the primary somatosensory cortex ?

Answer 67

posterior (behind) the central sulcus aka postcentral gyrus

Question 68

what is within the primary somatosensory cortex ?

Answer 68

terminals for ascending sensory pathways

Question 69

when desceding what cross in the medulla to go into the lateral corticospinal tract? voluntary movements

Answer 69

motor neurons to skeletal muscles

Question 70

what goes into the anterior spinal cortico spinal tract and crosses at the spine ? voluntary movements

Answer 70

truck nerves

Question 71

During embryonic development, the neural tissue rolls up into a tube, forming a hollow neural tube that will form the _______. a) brain b) spinal cord c) central nervous system d) peripheral nervous system e) autonomic nervous system

Answer 71

central nervous system

Question 72

A blockage of the median aperture of the fourth ventricle would be expected to cause … Question options: a) increased intracranial pressure b) enlargement of ventricles c) hydrocephalus d) Any/all of the above

Answer 72

Any/all of the above

Question 73

The blood-brain barrier … Question options: a) consists of cerebral capillaries that are more tightly sealed than other capillaries in the body b) is a major barrier to lipophilic substances that do not have carrier proteins / channels to take them across endothelial cells c) involves a relationship between glial cells called astrocytes and endothelial cells of cerebral capillaries d) a and c e) a, b and c

Answer 73

a and c

Question 74

The dorsal root ganglia contain… Question options: a) cell bodies of autonomic effector neurons b) ascending sensory tracts c) cell bodies of somatic motor neurons d) descending motor tracts e) cell bodies of somatosensory neurons

Answer 74

e) cell bodies of somatosensory neurons

Question 75

Sympathetic preganglionic fibres originate in … Question options: a) thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord, white matter b) thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord, lateral horn gray matter c) the brainstem d) cranial and sacral segments of the spinal cord, lateral horn gray matter e) Both b and d

Answer 75

thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord, lateral horn gray matter

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT a part of the brainstem? Question options: a) Midbrain b) Pons c) Medulla d) Spinal cord

Answer 76

d) Spinal cord

Question 77

The spinothalamic tract carries … Question options: a) descending sensory information in the white matter of the spinal cord b) descending sensory information in the dorsal horn gray matter of the spinal cord c) ascending sensory information in the dorsal horn gray matter of the spinal cord d) ascending sensory information in the white matter of the spinal cord

Answer 77

d) ascending sensory information in the white matter of the spinal cord

Question 78

Wilder Penfield is known for … Question options: a) a neurosurgical procedure for the treatment of severe epilepsy. b) his contributions to the varsity basketball program at Princeton. c) creating maps of the sensory and motor cortices of the brain. d) a and c e) a, b and c

Answer 78

d) a and c

Question 79

The cerebrum refers to … Question options: a) the highly folded outermost layer of gray matter surrounding the brain b) a brain region best known for coordination of motor function. c) a deep brain structure involved in integrating sensory information and memory d) the region in the brain that receives somatosensory information e) a large forebrain region that features a thin, highly folded layer of gray matter on the outside and several subcortical structures within

Answer 79

e) a large forebrain region that features a thin, highly folded layer of gray matter on the outside and several subcortical structures within

Question 80

You have decided to put your best foot forward, the right one. Put the following structures in the order that describes the direction that neural information travels for this voluntary movement. 1. Lateral corticospinal tract 2. Ventral horn gray matter 3. Medulla 4. Primary motor cortex 5. Midbrain 6. Ventral root Question options: a) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3, 6 b) 4, 5, 3, 1, 2, 6 c) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5, 6 d) 4, 3, 5, 1, 6, 2 e) 4, 5, 3, 2, 1, 6

Answer 80

b) 4, 5, 3, 1, 2, 6

Question 81

The first order or upper motor neuron carrying information that will direct voluntary movement of the right foot will travel in the spinal cord in the ________, crossing at the level of the ______. Question options: a) anterior (ventromedial) corticospinal tract, spinal segment b) dorsal columns, medulla c) lateral corticospinal tract, spinal segment d) anterior (ventromedial) corticospinal tract, medulla e) lateral corticospinal tract, medulla

Answer 81

e) lateral corticospinal tract, medulla

Question 82

what is subdural hematoma?

Answer 82

it is when there is a broken blood vessel under the dura mater and when blood enter the arachnoid area it starts compressing the brain and allow brain damange

Question 83

how are the 4 ventricles connected

Answer 83

the 4 ventricle are connected via ducts in the spinal cord and brain stem

Question 84

what are the 5 ions/molecules have a lower concentration in CSF than plasma

Answer 84

K+, Ca 2+ HCO3 , Glucose, pH

Question 85

how much csf is produced in a day ?

Answer 85

500ml

Question 86

what are the 4 nuclei that make up the grey matter

Answer 86

Ventral Horn 1. Somatic motor nuclei 2. autonomic efferent nuclei Dorsal Horn 3. visceral sensory nuclei 4. somatic sensory nuclei

Question 87

what is a spinal reflex?

Answer 87

it is a response from just the spinal cord without input from the brain

Question 88

what is cranial nerve X called ?

Answer 88

vagus

Question 89

what is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 89

it relays and integrates sensory info from the lower parts of the cns

Question 90

what are 3 key functions of the hypothalamus ?

Answer 90

1.major centre for homeostasis 2. influences autonomic responses, endocrine behaviour 3 .regulates pitituary gland

Question 91

what is the function of the pineal gland?

Answer 91

it secretes melatonin, involvement in the rhythms

Question 92

what do the sensory areas in the cerebral cortex do?

Answer 92

it translates sensory info into perceptions aka awareness

Question 93

what does the motor areas of the cerebral cortex do?

Answer 93

control skeletal muscle

Question 94

what lobe controls skeletal muscle movement?

Answer 94

frontal lobe

Question 95

what lobe controls sensory info form skin muscoskele and viscera ?

Answer 95

parietal lobe

Question 96

what lobe controls vision?

Answer 96

occipital lobe

Question 97

what lobe controls hearing

Answer 97

temporal lobe