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Life 103 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogeny Definition

A

representation of evolutionary history between groups and organisms

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2
Q

Taxonomy

A

Study of categorizing living things

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3
Q

List Linnaean system in order

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

(dear king philip came over for good soup)

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4
Q

Linnaean system definition

A

a hierarchical system for naming and organizing living things

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5
Q

natural selection definition

A

organisims better adapted to an environment survive to reproduce

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6
Q

genetic drift

A

change in frequency of an existing gene due to chance (more common in smaller populations)

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7
Q

mutation

A

a change in dna due to errors in replication, damage, etc.

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8
Q

immigration

A

movement of an organism into another area

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9
Q

gene flow

A

any movement of individuals and their genes from one population to another

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10
Q

shared derived characteristics definition

A

a trait unique to a clade

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11
Q

Ancestral trait definition

A

a trait inherited from an ancestor of two or more clades

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12
Q

homoplasies definition

A

when two or more species develop a similar trait but don’t come from the same ancestor

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13
Q

how do homoplasies occur?

A

convergent evolution or evolutionary reversal

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14
Q

Principle of parsimony definition

A

the fewer evolutionary changes needed to get to a result, the more likely that phylogeny is to be true

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15
Q

Monophyletic (clade) group definition

A

contains all descendants and common ancestor

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16
Q

Paraphyletic group definition

A

contains common ancestor and some, but not all, descendants

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17
Q

polyphyletic group definition

A

a group that doesn’t share a common ancestor with a trait, despite sharing a trait

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18
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria

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19
Q

Who was Carl Woese

A

American microbiologist who used RNA molecule to find evolutionary relationships and discover that Archaea and Eukaryotes are more closely related than bacteria

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20
Q

what are the 5 kindgoms?

A

animalia, plantae, fungi, bacteria, archaea

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21
Q

Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular?

A

unicellular

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22
Q

Are eukaryotes unicellular or multicellular?

A

either

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23
Q

What is prokaryotes DNA like?

A

circular DNA

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24
Q

What is eukaryotes DNA like?

A

stored in chromosomes

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25
How do eukaryotes reproduce?
sexually, asexually, or bot
26
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
asexually
27
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) definition
movement of genetic information between two organisms
28
HGT - transformation definition
bacteria take up DNA from environment and incorporate it into their genome
29
HGT - conjunction definition
DNA is transferred between bacteria through direct contact
30
HGT - transduction definition
Transfer of DNA between bacteria through a virus
31
cyanobacteria metabolism
photoautotrophic
32
what is the ancestor of chloroplasts?
cyanobacteria
33
What forms biological soil crusts
cyanobacteria, fungi, lichens, algae
34
what is a biological soil crust?
assembly of living organisms on rocks or soil
35
what are stromatolites?
layers of cyanobacteria growing on top of each other (usually in shallow water)
36
what is a thermophile
archaea living in extreme heat
37
what is a halophile
archaea living in extreme salt
38
what is archaea lipid membrane made of?
isoprenoids (ether bond: stronger bent chain)
39
which domain primarily produces methane?
archaea
40
vertical gene transmission definition
gene transmission from parents to offspring
41
what is a protist
common ancestor of all eukaryotes, eukaryotes that aren't plants or animals, unicellular, free-living organisms
42
How was the endoplasmic reticulum thought to be formed?
infolding of plasma membranes
43
Which domain is plasma membranes most similar to?
bacteria
44
which domain are eukaryotes most closely related to?
archaea
45
how was mitochondria formed
engulfment and endosymbiosis of prokaryote
46
how many membranes do mitochondria have?
2, one from engulfment, one from original prokaryote
47
how do mitochondria divide?
similar to binary fission
48
which organelles have their own genomes?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
49
where do protists usually live
aquatic environments
50
how do protists reproduce
asexual or sexual reproduction
51
what is a diatom
single-celled algae, SAR, 40% of ocean primary production
52
what is a diatom's cell wall made of
silica
53
what classifies a diatom
single-celled, protist, eucaryote
54
dinoflagellates definition
unicellular protist containing 2 flagella, has characteristics of both plants and animals
55
Life cycle of a slime mold
contains a free living stage and a formation of spores. Formation of spores is often formed through aggregation or fusion
56
what is another name for a slime mold
social amoeba
57
slime mold definition
blobs of unicellular organisms not classified as plants, animals, or fungi. They form multicellular organisms when resources are scarce
58
heterotroph
carbon from other living things
59
autotroph
carbon from carbon dioxide
60
binary fission
asexual reproduction that produces a daughter cell that grows up
61
Archeplastida
land plants and algae
62
amoebozoa
amoebas and slime molds (social)
63
opisthokonta
fungi and animals
64
fungi evolutionary relationship
most closely related to animals, eukaryotic
65
yeast definition
unicellular fungi
66
multicellular fungi
usually filamentous
67
Plasgomy
hyphae of different mating types fuse together, forming dikaryotic cell
68
Karyogomy
nuclei from dikaryotic cells from plasgomy fuse to form diploid cells that can divide by meiosis to form haploid cells
69
what are fungi cell walls made of
chitin
70
hyphae definition
filaments that make up multicellular fungi, 1 cell in diameter, high surface area to volume ratio
71
Septate hyphae definition
still have cell wall between adjacent cells, cell has hole allowing for quick cytoplasm movement
72
aseptate or coenocytic hyphae definition
no well wall between adjacent cells
73
cytoplasmic streaming
cytoplasm flows from one cell to another for quick growth
74
haustorium
modified hyphae to penetrate host tissue (ie. wheat stem rust)
75
What is fungi's form of nutrition
heterotrophs, decomposers
76
fungi reproduction
asexual, sexual, or both
77
budding definition
asexual reproduction where new organism develops from bud of existing organism
78
Mycorrhizae definition
mutulaistic relationship between mycelium and plant roots, plant provides sugar and fungi absorbs nutrients for plant
79
mycelium definition
a network of hyphae
80
endophyte definiton
fungi that live inside plants
81
Lichen
mutualistic relationship between fungi and photosynthetic organism that is not a plant, often used to break down rock as primary colonizers
82
What are the 5 groups of eukaryotes?
SAR (diatoms, dinoflagellates), archaeplastida, amoebozoa, opisthoknta, excavata
83
cuticle definition
waxy coating to prevent plant from drying out
84
stomata definition
allows gas exchange through tissue
85
pigment function
help to prevent against UV damage
86
First land plants characteristics
didn't have efficient vascular tissue (no true roots, leaves, stems), restricted to small size/thickness
87
Bryophytes definition
modern non-vascular plants, paraphyletic group, gametophyte is dominant generation
88
3 phyla of bryophytes
liverworts, hornworts, mosses
89
hornwort features
photosynthetic sporophyte
90
liverwort features
asexual reproduction in gemmae cups
91
two types of gametangia
archegonia: female, makes eggs antheridia: male, makes sperm
92
archegonia
female, makes eggs
93
antheridia
male, makes sperm, sperm needs water to swim to archegonia
94
Sporangium (moss) definition
where spores are formed (meiosis)
95
homologous structure
structures share a common ancestor, even if the function is different
96
analogous structure
structures with similar function, but didn't evolve from a common ancestor
97
symplesiomorphy
ancesteral trait shared by two or more lineages
98
synapomorphy
a derived trait from a common ancestor, and is present in some taxa but not others
99
common body forms of bacteria
rod-shaped, spherical, helical
100
gram-positive vs gram-negative bacteria
both have peptidoglycan membrane, but gram positive's is thicker
101
primary vs secondary mycelium
primary is the original haploid form, secondary is the fused dikaryotic form
102
ascomycete
fungus whose spores develop within a sac
103
desiccation
removal of moisture
104
tracheids
long, tapered cells that transport water through the plants xylem
105
bryophytes
modern non-vascular plants (liverworts, hornworts, mosses) paraphyletic
106
embrophytes
all land plants
107
tracheophytes
vascular tissue
108
xylem
transport water
109
phloem
transport sugar and other nutrients
110
lycophytes
club mosses and spike mosses
111
pterophytes
ferns and their relatives
112
sori
grow on underside of fronds, is a clump of sporangia, sporangia eject spores when ready
113
fern gametophyte
heartshaped, independent, photosynthetic, contains antheridia and archegonia

Life 103 (5 decks)

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