Unit 4 Flashcards
1
Q
which animals have intracellular digestion
A
porifera
2
Q
which animals have extracellular digestion
A
advanced animals
3
Q
which animal has one way movement of food but no specialization of digestive tract
A
round worm
4
Q
which animals have one-way movement of food with a specialization of digestive tract
A
earthworms and up
5
Q
what are the 4 steps of digestion
A
- physical fragmentation
- chemical digestion
- absorption
- excretion from anus
6
Q
what is a gizzard
A
pebbles stored in mouth to break up food (earthworm and birds)
7
Q
what are the mammalian accessory organs
A
salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
8
Q
what does the pancreas secrete
A
pancreatic juice: digestive enzymes and bicarbonate buffer
9
Q
what does the liver produce
A
bile
10
Q
what does bile do
A
emulsifies fat
11
Q
where is bile and pancreatic juice secreted
A
duodenum of small intestine
12
Q
are pancreas and liver endocrine or exocrine
A
both
13
Q
what does salivary amylase do
A
breaks down starch (polysaccharide -> maltose)
14
Q
what does the mouth connect to
A
pharynx
15
Q
bolus
A
mass of chewed food and saliva that moves down the esophagus
16
Q
muscle type of the esophagus
A
top 1/3 is skeletal, bottom 2/3 is smooth muscle
17
Q
peristalsis
A
wave of muscular contraction in the esophagus
18
Q
sphincters
A
close and open to allow food through
19
Q
what do parietal cells secrete
A
HCl: separates food cells, kills most bacteria, activates pepsin, pH of ~2
20
Q
why are H ion and Cl ion secreted separately
A
because pH would kill the cell
21
Q
Chief Cells secretion
A
pepsinogen: inactive form of pepsin, converted by HCl
22
Q
Pepsin
A
a protease, breaks down proteins
23
Q
Chyme
A
mixture of gastric juice and food in stomach
24
Q
What gets absorbed in the stomach
A
some water, aspirin, alcohol
25
how long is the small intestine in humans
about 4.5m
26
what are the three parts of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ilium
27
lipase
breaks down fat
28
trypsin
protease
29
bile pigments
products of red blood cell breakdown
30
bile salts
emulsify/break down fat globules
31
bilirubin
build up of bile pigment leading to jaundice, broken down by UV light
32
where does most absorption happen
the small intestine
33
brush border cells
secrete enzymes lactase and sucrose
34
lactase
breaks lactose (disaccharide) into two simple sugars
35
where do proteins and carbs get absorbed
through brush boarder cells into capillaries, which go to hepatic portal vein
36
where does hepatic portal vein go
from small intestine capillaries to liver capillaries
37
where does fat get absorbed
breakdown goes through lymph system
38
sodium glucose cotransporter
cotransporter that moves two electons at once across epithelial lining
39
who discovered sodium glucose cotransporter
Dr. Rober Crane - makes moving water more efficient across epithelial, important for oral rehydration
40
why is gut bacteria important
helps in cell turnover, produce vitamins, help outcompete pathogenic bacteria
41
cecum
pouch in beginning of small intestine, used to digest cellulose in herbivores
42
ficks law of diffusion definition
the rate at which a substance diffuses through a medium is directly proportional to the concentration gradient
43
ficks law of diffusion equation
R = (DAP) / d
R: rate of diffusion
D: how easy it is to diffuse across or through the substance (permeability)
A: surface area
P: pressure difference
d: distance over which diffusion occurs
44
partial pressure measurment
concentration of gas (mm of Hg)
45
how much oxygen binds to hemoglobin
4 (4 polypeptide chains and 4 heme groups with iron)
46
what lowers the affinity for oxygen to bind to hemoglobin
high CO2 (low pH), high temperatures
47
Bohr Shift
H+ binding to hemoglobin lowers oxygen affinity
48
how is CO2 transported in the blood
8% in plasma, 20% bound to hemoglobin, 72% transported as bicarbonate
49
how do marine mammals store oxygen
in muscles with a protein
50
how is homeostasis usually maintained
negative feedback mechanisms
51
how do endotherms usually maintain homeostasis
in narrow range using metabolism
52
who uses more food
endotherms
53
how do ectotherms maintain body temperature
using environment: basking, shivering, gaping
54
countercurrent heat exchange
warmest blood from core is in the middle of appendage, returns on outside so radiating heat gets picked up by colder blood and not the environment
55
hyperosmotic/hypertonic
more solutes in solution
56
hyposomotic/hypotonic
less solutes in solution
57
isosmotic/isotonic
same amount of solutes in both solutions
58
osmoconformers
osmotic concentration regulated by environment (salt water marine animals)
59
osmorgulators
control osmotic concentration with regulation, pump ions or water in or out (salt, fresh, terrestrial)
60
what do most aquatic animals secrete
amonia
61
what do reptiles and birds secrete
uric acid
62
what do mammals, most amphibians, sharks, and some bony fish secrete
urea
63
kidney role
maintains mammalian osmotic homeostasis
64
components of the renal system
kidneys, ureters (connects kidneys to bladder), urinary bladder, urethra
65
how many nephrons does the kidney have
about a million
66
glomerulous
ball of capillaries blood enters first,, capillaries are porous to small solutes and water, but not cells and plasma proteins
67
describe the initial filtrate in the kidneys
isotonic to blood plasma
68
how much filtrate does the kidneys process a day
about 180L
69
proximal convoluted tubule
second step, reabsorbs useful stuff (salt, water, glucose, amino acids), is still isotonic
70
how is salt absorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
Na actively, Cl passively
71
loop of henle
increases osmolarity in the medulla to reabsorb water
72
descending loop of henle
lots of aquaporins, water is absorbed
73
ascending loop of henle
salts are absorbed but not water
74
how does the loop of henle reabsorb substances
diffusion, liquid gets more hypotonic, longer loops increase concentration
75
describe the filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule
filtrate is hypotonic
76
collecting duct
strong osmotic gradient reabsorbs more water
77
kidney functions
filtration of blood, reabsorption of water and solutes, secretion of excess or toxic substances for removal
78
parts of the kidney
renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis, ureter
79
lamellae
raised parts in gill filament that contain capillaries, blood flows across to pick up oxygen
80
gill filament
feathery structure attached to gill arch for gas exchange
81
mammalian oxygen absorption path
trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli - capillaries
82
how does blood flow through the heart
right atrium - right ventricle - lungs - left atrium - left ventricle - body tissues
83
systemic veins
from the body
84
pulmonary veins
from lungs
85
pulmonary artery
to lungs
86
systemic artery
to body
87
atmospheric pressure at sea level
760mmHG
88
Oxygen partial pressure at sea level
21%, 159.2 mmHg
89
Carbon dioxide partial pressure at sea level
.03% 0.2 mmHg
90
Nitrogen partial pressure at sea level
78% 601mmHg
91
ecology
study of living things and their interaction with their environment
92
Life history
chronology of events in an organisms life
93
slow life history
organism lives for a long time but reproduces slowly
94
fast life history
organism lives for a short time but reproduces quickly
95
measure of life history success in a population
population growth rate
96
density independent factors
not dependent on number of individuals their right now (exponential growth)
97
Density dependent factors
incorporates limit on population size - usually competition
98
Carrying capacity
K
largest species size environment can maintain
99
competition
negative density dependent
100
niche
set of resources a species uses and how they access those resources
101
fundamental niche
set of circumstances species could survive in in ideal conditions
102
realized niche
set of circumstances we actually find species in
103
what usually limits realized niche from fundamental niche
competition
104
competitive exclusion
when one species drives another species to extinction due to competition
105
interspecific competition
competition between two species
106
niche partitioning
species use resources slightly differently to divide niche (can lead to evolutionary changes)
107
character displacement
change in physical characteristic because of niche partitioning
108
primary succession
plants colonize bear rock (starting from ground zero) (usually lichen first)
109
pioneer plants
first plants to establish an area
110
format of succession
pioneer plants - early successional plants - late successional plants
111
secondary succession
when a disturbance knocks out some community, but not starting at ground zero
112
disturbance regimes
removes individuals from the community
113
what determines succession
establishment, life history traits, facilitation and inhibition environment
