Unit 1

Question 1

What is the definition of an ocean?

Answer 1

An interconnected mass of saltwater where boundaries are established by continental land masses, the equator or ridges in the ocean floor

Question 2

What percentage cover of Earth do oceans make up?

Answer 2

71%

Question 3

What is the definition of a sea?

Answer 3

usually smaller than an ocean, and is a body of salt water that is surrounded an almost all sides, by land or other parts of the ocean

Question 4

What is the definition of a bay?

Answer 4

a bay is a body enclosed (on three sides) by land, with a wide mouth that opens into the ocean

Question 5

Name the 5 oceans.

Answer 5

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Antarctic

Question 6

What is an example of a canal?

Answer 6

Suez

Question 7

What are 2 examples of a sea?

Answer 7

South China sea and Mediterranean

Question 8

During the 1700’s to early 1900’s what empire ruled over 35% of the Earth’s land surface?

Answer 8

British Empire (U.K = maritime superpower)

Question 9

During the British Empire what were the ocean’s important for?

Answer 9

• establishing trade routes for commodities around the world
• control of strategic trade routes and ports to maintain dominance of regions

Question 10

What is a supranational?

Answer 10

gives up part of its sovereignty

Question 11

What is the definition of a commodity?

Answer 11

anything with economic value e.g goods or slaves

Question 12

What countries were Britain trading with the main goods/comodities?

Answer 12

India - cotton, textiles
Caribbean - coffee, tobacco, sugar

Question 13

Which cities in the U.K has an historical linkage with the slave trade?

Answer 13

Liverpool, Glasgow, Bristol

Question 13

What are some of the Economic links that Britain still shares with the Commonwealth countries?

Answer 13

TRADE, e.g U.K to Nigeria (2016) $2.5 billion via tourism
Commonwealth games generate income - added £1.2 billion to U.K economy

Question 14

How much did Liverpool make from the slave trade in the 18th century?

Answer 14

£300,000 annually

Question 14

What percentage of global trade moved through Mersyside (Liverpool)?

Answer 14

40%

Question 14

What are the political links that Britain still shares with Commonwealth countries?

Answer 14

Immigration - Rwanda Policy, individuals are compensated

Question 14

What is containerisation?

Answer 14

the process of putting comodities into containers for shipment

Question 15

Global colonial powers created an early form of globalisation as connectivity between countries was established. What is the Commonwealth?

Answer 15

an intergovernmental organisation of 52-member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire

Question 15

What is global governance?

Answer 15

relates to laws, codes and regulations that apply at an international level (implying and directing decisions, rather than direct control)

Question 15

What are the Social/Cultural links that Britain still shares with the Commonwealth Countries?

Answer 15

Commonwealth games, head of state (Monarchy) and migration patterns = formation of diasporas

Question 16

Why do ocean’s need to be governed?

Answer 16

• overfishing issues
• pollution
• illegal immigration
• piracy

Question 16

Post 1945 a number of supranational institutions have been established help to maintain peace and cooperation between countries. What are the 6 institutions for global governance?

Answer 16

UN (United Nations)
EU (European Union)
G7
G20
G77
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)

Question 17

When was the UN founded and what do they do?

Answer 17

Founded 1945
193 member state, support and maintain world peace and security and foster co operation between nations

Question 18

When was the EU founded and what do they do?

Answer 18

Founded 1993 27 member countries, promote greater social, political and economic harmony among nations of Europe

Question 19

When was the G7 founded and what do they do?

Answer 19

Founded 1975 7 member countries e.g U.K, U.S.A, Canada, France...

Question 20

When was the G20 founded and what do they do?

Answer 20

Founded 1999 19 member countries + EU (2/3 of world population) discuss ways to strengthen the global economy

Question 21

When was NATO founded and what do they do?

Answer 21

Founded 1949 31 members it guarantees freedom and security of tis members through political and military means

Question 22

What is the definition of a law?

Answer 22

a legally binding contract or set of rules which countries must abide to, there could be penalties imposed if this is not abided to

Question 23

What is the definition of an agreement?

Answer 23

a negotiated agreement between parties as to a course of action, may not be legally binding

Question 24

What does UNCLOS stand for?

Answer 24

United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Sea

Question 25

What is the meaning of a 'global common'?

Answer 25

everyone and anyone has access to it e.g the high seas, antarctica

Question 26

During the 20th century there was growing pressures around potential conflicts regarding the use of ocean resources. In 1994 UNCLOS put into place an international treaty. How many countries signed?

Answer 26

117 nations

Question 27

What were the 7 key areas covered in the international treaty released by UNCLOS?

Answer 27

- Navigational rights (right of passage) - Territorial Sea Limits (what they have security over) - Economic Jurisdiction (resources) - Legal status of resources on the seabed and beyond national jurisdiction - Passage of ships through narrow straits - Conservation and management of living marine resources - a binding procedure for settlement of disputes between states

Question 28

UNCLOS created zones within the oceans using Nautical Miles (NM). What are territorial waters?

Answer 28

(Up to 12 nm) include airspace above and waterbed, foreign flag ships have right of 'innocent passage' Submarines must travel on the surface (display heir flag, no military actions)

Question 29

What are contiguous waters?

Answer 29

(up to 24 nm) coastal stats have rights to waters and airspace for the purposes of enforcing immigration, customs, law ,taxation

Question 30

What is an EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)?

Answer 30

(up to 200 nm) coastal states have the exploitation rights to all the natural resources, foreign nations have the rights to water and airspace, subject to agreements, and can lay submarine pipes and cables.

Question 31

What is a continental shelf?

Answer 31

(up to 350 nm) coastal states have the right to harvest minerals and non-living material from the shelf, to the exclusion of others.

Question 32

How is the continental shelf defined?

Answer 32

based on the geography of the area, the land underneath the ocean

Question 33

What is Goal 1 and who established it?

Answer 33

United Nations (sustainable development goals) adopted in 2015 to clear targets for 2030 goals aim to tackle many social, economic, environmental and political global issues

Question 34

What does CITES stand for?

Answer 34

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

Question 35

When did CITES come into force and how any countries signed?

Answer 35

1975 and 183 countries signed

Question 36

How many species are protected (plant and animal) and how many subgroups are there?

Answer 36

animal = 5,800 plant = 30,000 3 subgroups

Question 37

What is Appendix 1 and what are some examples?

Answer 37

a species threatened with extinction e.g. Antarctic Minke Whale

Question 38

What is Appendix 2 and what are some examples?

Answer 38

A species which requires trade to be controlled in order to avoid over utilisation which would threaten the species survival e.g. seahorses

Question 39

What is Appendix 3 and what are some examples?

Answer 39

species which are protected in at least one country e.g. brown sea cucumber in Ecuador