Unit 4a Flashcards
(53 cards)
What is a global common and what % of the ocean are classified as such?
Classified by UNCLOS as ‘high seas’, more than 60% of the worlds oceans are global commons and these areas are beyond national jurisdiction
Why do you think global commons may create management challenges?
- cannot monitor everywhere all the time
- conflicts over enforcing rules
- hard to ‘police’
Why are whales hunted?
restaurant industry
perfume industry and used to make corsets
in the 20th century, up to 12,000 tonnes of whale fat were annually used as fuel and lubricating oil
Blue whales around Antarctica has been reduced to what percentage of their initial numbers by the 1960’s?
0.15%
What was the number of whales in the humpback whale population pre and post 20th century?
pre 20th = 100,000
post 20th = 42,000
What is the IWC and when were they founded?
in 1946, industry has been regulated by International Whaling Commission.
What did the IWC issue in 1986?
they issued an indefinite ban on commercial whale hunting. Required all 168 nation who have signed to agree to the ‘Law of the Seas’ to follow the guidelines
When did the IWC establish the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary, what area did it cover?
in 1994
covering 50million sq km around antarctica, complete ban
What were the two limitations to the IWC commercial whaling ban?
1, indigenous (traditional) societies are still permitted a restricted level of hunting
2. Japan and Norway continued hunting due to what the governments called ‘scientific reasons’
How many whales did Japan whale in 2005?
850
When did Japan withdraw from the IWC and recommerce commercial whaling?
2018, on Boxing Day
Where is Japan carrying out commercial whaling and where is it going to stop whaling?
carry out = territorial waters
stop carrying out = only in their EEZ, NOT in the Arctic coast
they believe this will recover the whale population
Why has Japan arguably made this decision?
small towns and coastal villages make most of their money from whaling
political influences
What % of Japan’s population consume whale meat?
less than 1%
What are some of the FOR points on whether whaling should be permitted at all?
- income
- indigenous whaling on a sustainable scale
- Eskimos = believe whales offer their life as a gift
- they don’t just use it for meat, use blubber, bones and skin
What are some of the AGAINST points on whether whaling should be permitted at all?
- vital to maintain environments (important for circulating nutrients)
- should only be allowed for those using sustainably, other sources of meat available to others
What are the three reasons to the increased pressure to over-exploit marine ecosystems?
- increase in affluence
- increase in globalisation
- in in global population = increase in global demand
How many people rely on fish as their main food source?
1 billion globally
By 2050, what will happen to fish stock vs. demand?
all global fisheries will collapse but demand will double
In the last 50 years what % of fish has been lost?
90%
What is 30 by 30?
protect 1/3 of oceans, let them replenish, fish on the other 2/3s, by 2030
What is the reason for fish industry collapse in Canadian Newfoundland 1992, back up with stat?
no more cod stock
1966 to 1977- dropped by 82%
(functionally extinct, not had enough time to replenish their numbers)
What actions were taken to protect northern cod species in Canada?
COD MORATORIUM
banned all fishing in 1992 (to let the population recover)
How where the fishermen in Canada compensated?
$225 a week
