Unit 1

Question 1

What is the geosphere

Answer 1

Solid portions of the earth (rocks, minerals, landforms etc.)

Question 2

Earths layers

Answer 2

Crust, mantle, inner core, outer core

Question 3

Crustal plate movement - how does it happen

Answer 3

Convection currents in the mantle

Question 4

New crust creation - how and where does it happen

Answer 4

Occurs at mid ocean ridges; old crust destroyed at subduction zones

Question 5

Why are most volcanoes, earthquakes ect along boundaries between crustal plates

Answer 5

Plate interceptions cause seismic activity and land deformation

Question 6

Hot spots

Answer 6

Volcanic regions formed by mantle plumes that ride from within the earth and melt the crust

Question 7

Types of rocks and cycles

Answer 7

Igneous- cooling lava
Sedimentary - compaction of sediments
Metamorphic - heat + pressure on already formed rocks

Question 8

Ore

Answer 8

Mineral or rock containing valuable metal or material

Question 9

Tailings

Answer 9

Waste material left after extracting the valuable minerals

Question 10

Open pit mining

Answer 10

Surface mining method involving digging large holes

Question 11

Strip mining

Answer 11

Removing vegetation and digging long trenches to mine from

Question 12

Mountain top removal

Answer 12

Explosives to remove mounting tops to access coal and other ore/ minerals from mountains

Question 13

Room and Pilar mining

Answer 13

underground mining where miners leave pillars where they’re mining to support the structure so it doesn’t collapse

Question 14

Placer mining

Answer 14

Extraction of minerals from riverbeds or sediment

Question 15

Un-Siri mining

Answer 15

Injecting chemicals into ore deposits to dissolve specific kinds of mineral, then extracting the mineral

Question 16

Mining cons

Answer 16

Land+habitat destruction, water+air pollution, worker safety/ exploration

Question 17

Haber Bosch process

Answer 17

Synthetic nitrogen production; starts with nitrogen and converts into ammonia

Question 18

Agriculture percentages- how much stuff do we use for agriculture?

Answer 18

• 44% agriculture
• 70% global fresh water used
• 30% global greenhouse gas emissions created by agriculturet

Question 19

Environmental issues in agriculture

Answer 19

Deforestation
Hábitat loss
Soil degradation
Pollution

Question 20

Meat consumption impact

Answer 20

Reducing meat consumption lowers green house gas emissions

Question 21

Green revolution- what was it? Who started it?

Answer 21

Norman Borlaug
Modified dwarf wheat to be smaller to prevent crops being lost by wind
Agricultural transformation
Mechanization

Question 22

GMO definition

Answer 22

Genetically modified organism; altered for desired traits

Question 23

Organic vs. industrial farming

Answer 23

Organic avoids synthetic fertilizers and pesticides and focuses more on sustainability than on high crop yield

Question 24

Soil erosion causes (Natural)

Answer 24

Wind
Water

Question 25

Soil erosion causes ( man made)

Answer 25

Deforestation Agriculture Climate change

Question 26

Dust bowl

Answer 26

1930s ecological disaster - huge dust storm from drought, over farming and no preventative measures

Question 27

Soil conversion methods

Answer 27

- crop rotation - cover crops (blankets) Plant goal crops near other crops with stronger root systems

Question 28

How to decrease environmental damage from mining

Answer 28

Cleaner extraction techniques, waste management, land rehabilitation, stronger environment laws

Question 29

Agriculture- when and where did it begin

Answer 29

10,000 after Fertile Crescent

Question 30

Green revolution pros and cons

Answer 30

Pro - Better food production, less famine, tech advances, jobs, food security Cons- environmental harm, biodiversity loss, chemical use, sustainability concerns

Question 31

GMO pros+cons

Answer 31

Pros - less water use + pesticides ss, more resilient+ fast growing crops Cons- biodiversity loss, potential health risk

Question 32

Organic farming common myths

Answer 32

Organic food is more nutritious It is more environmentally freindky on large scales No pesticides are used

Question 33

How does nitrogen get in soil (Natrual)

Answer 33

Certain tree species, ways of gardening, rice bacteria

Question 34

How does nitrogen get in soil (synthetic

Answer 34

Nitrogen fertilizes

Question 35

Cons of excessive fertilizer use

Answer 35

Run- off from fertilizer pollutes the air water and land

Question 36

Crust

Answer 36

Solid rock

Question 37

Mantle

Answer 37

Plastic rock

Question 38

Outer core

Answer 38

Liquid iron and nickel = magnetic felid

Question 39

Inner core

Answer 39

solid iron and nickel

Question 40

Where is new crust being formed

Answer 40

Plates separate and liquid is exposed to the surface and cooks

Question 41

Who is old crus being destroyed

Answer 41

Plates overlap and one is pushed under the other

Question 42

How do the earths crustal plates move along the surface, what is the mechanism if movement

Answer 42

Convection pushes the outer core out and against asthenospere which moves as liquid pushes against it (forms mountains and Mariana’s trench) upper level of mantle = asthenosphere

Question 43

Why do we tend to find the most volcanos, earthquakes, and mountain ranges along boundaries between crustal plates?

Answer 43

That is where crust pushes against each other causing mountain ranges, earthquakes and volcanos

Question 44

Sedimentary

Answer 44

Sediment crushed together or cemented

Question 45

Igneous

Answer 45

Cooled magma

Question 46

Metamorphic

Answer 46

High heat or pressure on other rocks

Question 47

Land alteration from mining

Answer 47

Deforestation, sink holes, dumpings of railings

Question 48

Water in mine shift

Answer 48

Sulfuric acid

Question 49

Decrease environmental damage from mining

Answer 49

Fill in mine shafts Reuse mining waste Regulations

Question 50

Who discovered the Haber Bosch process

Answer 50

Fritz Haber

Question 51

Environmental issues associated with modern agriculture

Answer 51

25% of food is thrown away by America Erosión Loss of farm and farm jobs Pesticides Deforestation Loss of crop diversity

Question 52

Why would it be beneficial if everyone are less meat

Answer 52

Meat fakes a ton of energy, water and crops while also releasing methane

Question 53

Who started the green revolution

Answer 53

Norman Borlaug

Question 54

Green rev pros

Answer 54

Saved 1B people from starvation Increased crop yield Economic growth Tech advances Food security m

Question 55

Green rev cons

Answer 55

Environmental harm Social inequality between farmers Loss of bio diversity Dependence on chemicals Heath

Question 56

Pro GMO

Answer 56

Reduce wager and pesticides Faster growing crops More resilient crops

Question 57

Cons of GMO

Answer 57

Fear, sometimes means more pesticide

Question 58

Organic farmer is different from industrial farming

Answer 58

Not allowed to use synthetic pesticides or fertilizer GMOs not allowed Antibiotics and growth hormones not allowed Irrigation not aloud

Question 59

What are natural synthetic ways that nitrogen gets into soil

Answer 59

Legumes naturally convert nitrogen gas from air to soils with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, rice, tree species, same farming practices Nitrogen fertilizers/ ammonium based fertilizer

Question 60

What is one environmental problem associated with excessive fertilizer use

Answer 60

Nitrogen run off leads to algae bloom leading to dead zones without oxygen so nothing living can stay there

Question 61

Causes of soils erosionm

Answer 61

construction, climate change, agriculture development + large feilds, tilling farm land, rivers and oceans

Question 62

How is soil erosion harmful to the environment

Answer 62

Sediment and chemicals pollute waterways, soil quality and structure worsened increasing flooding, loss of soils desertificación Planting trees, erosion blankets

Question 63

When was the dust bowl

Answer 63

1930

Question 64

What was one environmental step they made to restore land after dust bowl

Answer 64

Planting trees

Question 65

What are some ways to make agricultural more sustainable

Answer 65

Crop rotations, producing less meat and focusing on sustainable crops. Feeer nuts. Big planting is desees, plant trees, reduce soil tillage