Unit 1

Question 1

Structuralism

Answer 1

Early school focused on identifying the elements of thought and mind (structures, basic elements of consciousness like sensations, feelings, and images) using trained introspection.

Question 2

Functionalism

Answer 2

Early perspective. Assume that consciousness as a function, similar to the nose smelling, etc. Rooted in evolutionary theory that body makes adaptations to survive to environment - so does behavior.

Question 3

Emperisicm

Answer 3

Idea that knowledge is the result of experience and that scientific knowledge is developed through observation and experimentation. ( All knowledge obtained through senses - not inherited).

Question 4

Introspection

Answer 4

Process of looking inward to directly observe one’s own psychological processes.

Question 5

Behavioral Perspective

Answer 5

Studies the observable behavior of people in in response to motives and incentives (in relation to their environment). EX: Punishments and rewards. Believes we have no free will.

Question 6

Biological Perspective

Answer 6

Focuses on the mechanical aspects that influence our behavior, including the brain, nervous system, immune system, hormones, and genetics. Uses medication to treat mental disorders.

Question 7

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

Answer 7

Sing mind Freid introduced theory that behavior is influenced by unconscious mental process, such as desires or fears we are not aware of. Believed that the longer you talk about trauma, the more it heals.l (talk therapy). Childhood experienced also shape adult personality.

Question 8

Humanistic Perspective

Answer 8

Believes in the potential for growth in every person and a natural want to achieve self actualization. Emphasizes self efficacy, free will, and reaching maximum wellbeing over focusing on dysfunction. Maslow hierarchy of needs.

Question 9

Cognitive Perspective

Answer 9

Understands human behavior as being the result of receiving, storing, and processing information and experiences. Believes in cognitive based therapy.

Question 10

Evolutionary Perspective

Answer 10

Based on Darwin’s principles of evolution and natural selection. Assumes behavior is the result of humans adapting to their environment in order to survive.

Question 11

Survey (The first commonly used research method in psychology is called a survey)

Answer 11

Researchers gather data by asking groups of people their thoughts, feelings, and opinions in responses to fixed questions. This data is then collected and analyzed by psychologists to provide insight on human behavior as related to a particular subject.

Question 12

Correlation Method

Answer 12

A non-experimental research method in which researchers observe the relationship between two variables with the help of statistical analysis.

Question 13

Observation Method

Answer 13

Refers to various non-experimental studies in which behavior is systematically observed and recorded.

Question 14

Case study

Answer 14

Confined to studying the behavior of a particular individual. The information is mainly biographic, and relates to events from the individual’s past as well as significant events which are currently occurring in their daily lives.

Question 15

Experiment

Answer 15

An experiment is an investigation in which a hypothesis is scientifically tested. The independent variable (cause) is manipulated, and the dependent variable (effect) is measured; any extraneous variables are controlled.

Question 16

Interview

Answer 16

An interview is generally a qualitative research technique which involves asking open-ended questions to converse with respondents and collect elicit data about a subject.

Question 17

Social-cultural perspective

Answer 17

Considers how different individuals interact with their social groups and how these social groups/environmental factors influence different individuals and how they develop throughout their lives.

Question 18

Biopsychosocial perspective

Answer 18

An integrated perspective of behavior that is more common and accepted. Incorporates three different perspectives of analysis: biological, psychological, and social-cultural.

Question 19

Who is Wiliam Wundt?

Answer 19

Considered the founder of scientific psychology. Studied structeralism

Question 20

Who studies structeralism?

Answer 20

Edward Bradford and William Wundt.

Question 21

How did Wundt study structeralism

Answer 21

Wundt set up study in Germany and asked patients to look inward, relying on introspection, and studied the immediate conscious experience of sensation).

Question 22

Who is considered the founder of scientific psychology?

Answer 22

William Wundt

Question 23

What mental processes does cognitive perspective deal with

Answer 23

Concerned with mental processes such as thinking, memory, attention and perception.

Question 24

Who studies functionalism?

Answer 24

William James. Eventually publishes principles of psychology.

Question 25

What are some strengths of functionalism?

Answer 25

Aligns with evolutionary theory, relevant to survival. Holistic, views the whole person. Acknowledges interaction between mental processes and behavior.

Question 26

What perspectives is functionalism applicable to do?

Answer 26

Cognitive and behavioral perspective

Question 27

What are some weaknesses of functionalism?

Answer 27

Difficult to develop detailed theories or predictions. Could neglect internal thoughts, feelings, or perceptions. Hard to test.

Question 28

Who founded the behaviorist/behavior perspective?

Answer 28

John. B. Watson and Skinner founded this approach along with Pavlov. (Skinner published the behavior of organisms).

Question 29

Who founded the Psychodynamic/ Psychoanalytic Perspective?

Answer 29

Sigmund Freud

Question 30

Which perspective did Sigmund Freud start?

Answer 30

Psychodynamic/ Psychoanalytic Perspective

Question 31

How are mental disorders healed through the Psychodynamic/ Psychoanalytic Perspective?

Answer 31

Mental disorders healed through talk therapy and self discovery.

Question 32

Which perspective believes there is no such thing as free will?

Answer 32

Behaviorism/Behavioral Perspective (the ability to act at one's own discretion. Make choices)

Question 33

Which person is the humanistic perspective associated with?

Answer 33

Abraham Maslow

Question 34

Which perspective is a renewed study of consciousness dealing with thinking and memory?

Answer 34

Congnitive Perspective

Question 35

What kind of test is the Rorschach?

Answer 35

projective test

Question 36

What is the goal of this type of test?

Answer 36

Projective tests are meant to reveal unconscious feelings, desires, and conflicts, that could be causing problems in a person’s life.

Question 37

How do projective tests work?

Answer 37

They ask vague questions using a psychoanalytic perspective

Question 38

What are other projective tests?

Answer 38

The House-Tree-Person test The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) The Draw-A-Person Test

Question 39

What is House-Tree-Person test?

Answer 39

In this test, people are asked to draw a house, a tree, and a person before receiving a series of questions about the drawings. There is a list of 60 questions for the respondent to answer, although testers can follow up with questions of their own.

Question 40

Downside to surveys

Answer 40

Mood dependent, not reliable, might not account for reward that would motivate/change people's response

Question 41

Projection tests tend to lack

Answer 41

eliability (are not always consistent) and validity (may not be measuring what they are intended to measure).

Question 42

Psychology

Answer 42

Scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of humans and other animals. Latin: The study of the soul. (Look at behavior, how we think, feel, and why. An integrated science; uses all kinds of data gathering methods).

Question 43

Nature

Answer 43

Genetic and heredity Factors: Physical traits, similar personalities

Question 44

Nurture

Answer 44

Environmental Factors: Social relationships How we are raised Childhood events Culture around us

Question 45

Psychological perspective

Answer 45

a school of thought or a philosophy which would guide someone's interpretation of an individual's behavior​.

Question 46

Example of behavior perspective

Answer 46

We go to school because if we didn't, we would be punished

Question 47

Example of cognitive perspective

Answer 47

If somebody calls you by a mean name, you process that information and react by crying.

Question 48

Example of biological perspective

Answer 48

There was a chemical imbalance in the body and serotonin levels are low, causing depression.

Question 49

"The patient perceives and processes messages negatively and the outcome is depression" is an example of

Answer 49

cognitive perspective

Question 50

"Serotonin levels are low" is an example of

Answer 50

biological perspective

Question 51

"The patient has experienced punishments for behavior instead of rewards" is an example of

Answer 51

behavioral perspective

Question 52

"The patient has become a carnivore and was raised vegan. There are many issues with family acceptance" is an example of

Answer 52

social cultural perspective

Question 53

"This patient is unable to cope with life’s circumstances and can not reach full potential" is an example of

Answer 53

humanistic perspective

Question 54

"During childhood there was an event that is causing depression" is an example of

Answer 54

Developmental perspective

Question 55

"The conscious and unconscious parts of the mind are in conflict" is an example of

Answer 55

psychoanaytic/pyshcodynamic perspective

Question 56

"you observe the lunch room and take note of charateristics of groups that routinely sit together" represents which research method?

Answer 56

Observational study

Question 57

"Sitting with a client being treated for anxiety, a counsleor may ask "Can you tell me about a time when your anxiety was higher than usual?" " describes which approach?

Answer 57

Interview

Question 58

A study looking at the relationship between sleep and GPA would best represent which research method?

Answer 58

Correlation Study

Question 59

A study specific to Andrea Yates, the person we looked at yesterday, that studies her childhood, trauma, and life events as well as her current status would best represent which research method?

Answer 59

Case Study

Question 60

When you get a series of fixed questions to answer about yourself, like the one in today's folder, it best represents this research method?

Answer 60

Survey

Question 61

Mrs. Winter has the hypothesis that if she gives students a fresh donut everyday they are on time for class, then they will not be tardy because they want the donut. She then proceded.to do so and measured the differences in tardies before the donuts and after. This would best represent which research method?

Answer 61

Experimental study

Question 62

Example of social-cultural perspective

Answer 62

Peer pressure could cause somebody to participate in fraternity hazing.

Question 63

The biological perspective includes the study of the brain and hormones. True or False?

Answer 63

True!

Question 64

Which perspective studies how human behavior is determined by hidden or unconscious motives and desires?

Answer 64

Psychodynamic Perspective

Question 65

Which attempts to understand behavior by studying how the mind organizes and makes sense of information and experiences?

Answer 65

Cognitive perspective

Question 66

This approach is based on Darwin's theories.

Answer 66

Evolutionary Theory

Question 67

This approach focuses on dreams, the unconscious and was founded by Freud's theories.

Answer 67

Psychoanalytic Approach

Question 68

This approach focuses on human free will and full potential and is associated with Maslow.

Answer 68

Humanistic Approach

Question 69

Watson and Skinner founded this approach along with Pavlov. The approach focuses on observable behavior with rewards and punishments

Answer 69

Behavioral Approach

Question 70

Founder of scientific psychology, Wundt, focused on the structures on the mind in this approach

Answer 70

Structuralism

Question 71

The humanistic perspective emphasizes people's inborn desire for personal growth and their ability to make choices consciously. True or False?

Answer 71

True

Question 72

Which is an approach to psychology that studies observable behavior rather than hidden mental processes?

Answer 72

Behavioral perspective