Unit 1 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
What does the term ‘geography’ derive from?
A
Greek word: GEO (Earth) and Graph (Write)
Geography describes the Earth and its features.
2
Q
Why is understanding colonialism important in geography?
A
It helps understand the history of indigenous people and societal impacts
Colonialism has lasting effects on societies, including cultural and religious influences.
3
Q
What are the two main branches of geography?
A
- Human Geography
- Physical Geography
4
Q
What does human geography focus on?
A
Spatial human activity such as speaking languages, religion, and farming.
5
Q
What is physical geography concerned with?
A
Science, geology, meteorology, water systems, and forest management.
6
Q
Define the concept of ‘place’ in geography.
A
Location of space, identified by absolute location and position.
7
Q
What is the difference between absolute and relative space?
A
- Absolute: Fixed distances and directions
- Relative: Not fixed; based on social networks and perceptions
8
Q
What does spatial diffusion refer to?
A
How ideas, fashion, and phenomena travel from one space to another.
9
Q
What is the definition of ‘time-space compression’?
A
The metaphorical shrinking of the world because of developments in technology
10
Q
What does the term ‘distance decay’ mean?
A
The likelihood of diffusion decreases as time and distance from the hearth increases.
The strength of a relationship between people decreases as the seperation increases
11
Q
What is the significance of the Nile River in human geography?
A
It is a critical resource for human activities and population settlement.
12
Q
What is ‘environmental determinism’?
A
The theory that the environment determines who you are and your economic situation.
13
Q
What is ‘possibilism’?
A
A human reaction in response to environmental conditions.
14
Q
What is the role of GIS in geography?
A
Geographic information system: It provides a framework for mapping, analyzing, and managing spatial data.
15
Q
What does the term ‘seablindness’ refer to?
A
The lack of awareness of global shipping and its impact on the economy.
16
Q
Fill in the blank: ‘Geography is important for understanding _______ challenges.’
A
big
17
Q
What are some examples of disciplinary spaces?
A
- School
- Hospital
- Army
- Prison
18
Q
What is meant by ‘complementarity’ in geography?
A
Exists when one region can supply the demand of another region.
19
Q
What is the impact of globalization on geography?
A
1) Allows countries to be more connected than they used to be. 2) Geography is at the center stage.
3) It highlights its importance in understanding global connections.
20
Q
What is the concept of ‘scale’ in geography?
A
Different areas of study, varying from small scale (large area) to large scale (small area).
21
Q
What is the significance of remote sensing in geography?
A
It allows for the collection of information about the Earth from a distance using technology.
22
Q
True or False: Physical geography and human geography are completely separate disciplines.
A
False
They are interlinked and often rely on each other.
23
Q
Which of the following statements about place is False: Sense of place is related to the ability to navigate, the situation of places can change, every place has a unique absolute location, studies of place may begin with a consideration of site characteristics.
A
D Sense of place is related to the ability to navigate
24
Q
Which of the following is most closely associated with space?
site
a social network
a GPS receiver
formal regions
A
A social network
25
_________ Diffusion involves _______ where certain individuals or places are skipped because of their rank or status
Hierarchical; leapfrogging
26
Globalization and time-space coverage affect our perception of
B relative distance
27
The statement "There is no such thing as culture" is closely associated with
C Culture reconceptualized
28
Which of the following situations is not likely to involve remote sensing?
Overlaying different mapped datasets
measuring the extent of an oil spill
identifying a pest infestation in an agricultural field
locating new settlements in rural areas
Overlaying different mapped datasets
29
GPS is associated with all but one of the following. Which item does not belong
D. Indirect georeferencing
30
Which of the following statements does not describe a characteristic of a GIs
C. A GIS can use directly but not indirectly georeferenced data
31
As discussed in the chapter, which of the following is not a major criticism of GIS
D. GIS is a recognized low-cost solution to decision making and planning
32
Consider the statement: " Houses constructed with steep roofs or heavy thatch roofs are just two examples of responses to wet environment conditions." Which viewpoint does it best express?
A Possibilism
33
A good example of a functional region is
C. The area served by a TV station
34
An approach that uses cultural landscape as a clue to people's values and priorities is
A. Reading the landscape
35
What areas shine the brightest on Earth?
Bigger cities and more urbanized or built-up areas shine the brightest.
36
Why does Japan appear very brightly lit?
1) The country is highly urbanized
2) Has a high density of commercial and industrial activity.
37
What is the foundation of geographical inquiry?
Geographical inquiry has its roots in a fundamental curiosity about the world.
38
What do geographers do when studying a topic?
Geographers step back and examine relationships between data to generate new insights about how the world works.
39
How does geographical inquiry contribute to knowledge?
Geographical inquiry and analysis contribute to the development of geographical theory, advancing our understanding of social, spatial, regional, and ecological facets of our world.
40
What concepts are involved in geography?
Geography involves the concepts of place, region, scale, distribution, and interconnectedness.
41
What did nongeographers believe about globalization?
Nongeographers thought that globalization would make geography irrelevant, claiming it made the world smaller and more accessible.
42
What must geographers understand to address poverty?
Geographers need to know the geographic dimensions of poverty, including where it occurs and its spatial extent.
43
What is human geography?
Human geography is a branch of geography that studies people, places, spatial variation in human activities, and the relationship between people and the environment.
44
What does physical geography focus on?
Physical geography focuses on environmental dynamics, such as water quality, soil erosion, and forest management.
45
What does human geography focus on?
Human geography focuses on social dynamics, including economic development, language diffusion, and ethnic identity.
46
What do some physical and human geographers focus on?
They focus on environmental-society dynamics and topics such as vulnerability to environmental hazards, impacts of fossil fuel consumption, and social consequences of global change.
47
What is the science of human geography?
It is both science and art, emphasizing the importance of acquiring knowledge about processes, events, or interactions to explain their occurrence.
48
What does the art of human geography focus on?
It focuses less on explanation and more on understanding and meaning.
49
What is meant by 'Nature' in geography?
The outdoors.
50
What does 'Culture' refer to in geography?
It refers to taste in fine arts or customary beliefs and practices.
51
What is nature-culture dualism?
An argument made by European scholars in the 18th century that the human capacity for culture makes people superior to nature.
52
What is cultural ecology?
An important subfield within human geography that studies the relationship between people and the natural environment.
53
What is environmental determinism?
The position that natural factors control the development of human physiological and mental qualities.
54
What are several different approaches of geography?
Determinism, possibilism, humans as modifiers of the Earth, and the Earth as a dynamic, integrated system.
55
What are three major criticisms of environmental determinism?
1. It is seen as overly simplistic in its cause-effect relationships.
2. Similar natural settings do not produce the same cultural practices or human behavior.
3. It tends to contribute to ethnocentric interpretations of social cultural differences.
56
What is Actor-Network theory?
A body of thought that emphasizes that humans and non-humans are linked together in a dynamic set of relations that, in turn, influence human behavior.
57
What is Possibilism?
The view that people use their creativity to decide how to respond to the conditions or constraints of a particular natural environment.
58
What does the term Constraint indicate?
It indicates that the environment is seen as limiting the choices or opportunities that people have.
59
What are Possibilists' views on environmental influence?
Possibilists do not completely reject the idea of environmental influence; however, they are reluctant to view the environment as the strongest force shaping a society.
60
What is an important extension of the humans as modifiers of the Earth approach?
It involves seeing nature as social construction: An invented concept derived from shared perceptions and understandings.
61
How do people shape the natural environment?
Through their practices and their ideas of what nature should be.
62
What is culture?
Culture is a social creation consisting of shared beliefs and practices that are dynamic rather than fixed, and a complex system shaped by the people and, in turn, influences them.
63
What is regional analysis?
Regional analysis involves studying the distinctiveness of regions.
64
What is a formal region?
A formal region is an area that possesses one or more unifying physical or cultural traits.
65
What is a functional region?
A functional region is an area unified by a specific economic, political, or social activity.
66
What are perceptual regions?
Perceptual regions derive from people’s sense of identity and attachment to different areas.
67
What are the three attributes of cultural reconceptualization?
1. Culture reflects diverse economic, historical, political, social, and environmental factors.
2. Culture is dynamic, not fixed, and can be contested (illustrated by the phrase 'Culture wars').
3. Culture is a complex system.
68
How is a place defined?
A locality distinguished by specific physical and social characteristics.
69
What are the components that identify every place?
Absolute location, site, and situation.
70
What is absolute location?
The position of a place reckoned by latitude and longitude on the globe.
71
What is site?
The physical characteristics of a place such as its topography, vegetation, and water resources.
72
What is situation?
The geographic context of a place, including its political, economic, social, or other characteristics.
73
Why do places matter?
They contribute to the social, political, and economic functioning of the world and provide anchors for human identity.
74
What does the term 'sense of place' refer to?
The complex, emotional attachments that people develop with specific localities.
75
How is a person's sense of place linked to their identity?
The feeling of belonging is strongly linked to a person’s sense of place.
76
What does a collective identity shared by cultural groups involve?
Their sense of place and the feeling that they belong in a specific place.
77
What is spatial variation?
Changes in the distribution of a phenomenon from one place or area to another.
78
What are the two ways to understand relational space?
1) Helps us realize that economic, urban, or other processes often have predictable spatial outcomes.
2) In connection with perception: How does human behavior change when people move from one space to another?
79
What are spatial variation and spatial association?
Key concepts geographers use; both concepts build on understanding of distribution.
80
What is spatial association?
The degree to which two or more phenomena share similar distributions.
81
What is distribution?
The arrangement of phenomena on or near the Earth’s surface.
82
What is spatial diffusion?
The movement of a phenomenon, such as an innovation, information, or an epidemic, across space and over time.
## Footnote
Often involves a mixture of types.
83
What are the four different types of diffusion?
1) Relocation: Migration is the most common type of relocation diffusion.
2) Contagious: Occurs when a phenomenon, such as the common cold, spreads randomly from one person to another.
3) Hierarchical: Involves cascading or stair-stepping from one level rank to another.
4) Stimulus: Occurs when the spread of an idea, a practice, or other phenomenon prompts a new idea or innovation.
84
What is globalization?
Refers to the greater interconnectedness and interdependence of people and places around the world
85
What is spatial interaction?
The connections and relations that develop among places and regions as a result of the movement of people, goods, or information
86
What are the three factors that influence spatial interaction?
1) Complementarity
2) Transferability
3) Intervening opportunities
87
What is complementarity?
Exists when one place or region can supply the demand for resources or goods in another place or region.
## Footnote
Provides basis for trade and stems from spatial variation.
88
What economic conditions are associated with spatial variation that lead to complementarity?
1) Low labor or transportation costs
2) The ability to create an economy of scale can stimulate complementarity
89
What is economy of scale?
The reduction in the average production cost of an item as a result of increasing the number of items produced
90
Accessibility can be expressed in terms of
A place's connectivity
91
Connectivity
The number and kind of linkages it possess
92
Different types of linkages
1) Airports
2) The presence of the interstate highways
3) The availability of high-speed computer networks
93
Fiber- optic cables
Transfer data more rapidly than copper wires and have helped connect the globe
94
Distance Decay
The tapering off a process, patter, or event over a distance
95
Time-space convergence
1) Technological innovations in transportation and communication have made it possible to reduce the fraction of distance.
2) Places seem to become closer together in both time and space
3) Highlights the importance of relative distance
96
Absolute distance
Refers to the physical measure of separation between points or places in meters or feet
97
Relative distance
Expresses the separation between points or places in terms of time, cost, or some other measure
98
Globalization
1) Does not alter the absolute distance between places but it can change their accessibility as more places become interconnected
2) Can reduce the friction of distance, bringing about a change in our sense of relative distance and making sees as though distant places have become closer together
99
Technological innovations
Leads to time-space distanciation
100
Time-space distanciation
1) The elongation of social systems across time and space
2) Occurs as remote interaction
101
Geographic scale
Provides a way of depicting, in reduced form, all or part of the world
102
A map or cartographic scale
1) Expresses the ratio of distances on the map to distances on the earth
2) Geographers distinguish between large-scale maps and small-scale maps
103
Observational or methodological scale
Refers to the levels of analysis used in a specific project or study.
104
The range of observational scale
It extends from small scale (The level of the body) to large scale (The global level)
105
Observational scale
The most detailed level of analysis is the body
106
Cartographic scale
The choice of observational scale always involves a sacrifice between the area covered and the level of detail of the data
107
Remote sensing
Acquiring information about something that is located at a distance from you
108
GPS and what it is used for
Uses constellation of artificial satellites, radio signals, and receivers to determine the absolute location of people, places, or features on earth
1) Confirm the legal boundaries of property
2) To track and inventory different species of plants and animals
3) To monitor conditions in agricultural fields
4) Contributed to the growth in precision farming
109
A location-based service uses the location of a GPS receiver to
Provide information about neary businesses and sometimes even people
110
GIS and its benefits
Has its roots in this very issue: How to improve the functionality of maps and the spatial analysis of georeferenced data (Data tied to locations on earth)
1) Link data, reveal new relationships, and visualize them with maps
2) Maps are interactive
3) Accommodate statistical analysis and perform calculations, such as identifying optimal route between locations
4) A database that stores information in different layers
5) Solve problems, model social and environmental conditions, and make planning decisions.
6) Dramatically transformed employment prospects for geographers by opening up wide range of job and career options across the public and private sectors
111
Two ways to georeference data
1) Directly: Latitude and longitude
2) Indirectly: Locations may be given by street address, zip code, school district, census tract, or other spatially defined entity(For which latitude and longitude could then be obtained)
112
We could obtain georeferenced data from various sources
1) Paper maps
2) Satellite imagery
3) Aerial photography
4) GPS devices
113
Three major criticisms of GIS
1) Requires that users have access to necessary hardware and software
2) Reinforces one power divide in society such that only those individuals and institutions that have the requisite financial resources can purchase and use GIS
3) Promotes a detached and strongly Western view if the world
114
Three types of regions
1) Formal Uniform Region
2) Functional (Nodal) Region
3) Perceptual (Vernacular) Region
115
Formal Uniform Region
1) An area set by facts and can be proven it exists
2) Characteristics of this region are the same throughout the space). (i.e: Climates, languages, and religion countries)
116
Functional (Nodal) Region
1) Center place which impacts a surrounding area
2) Creates the entire region around it through transportation of something ( ie: water station, power or gas lines, cell phone coverage, and airports)
117
Perceptual (Vernacular) Region
Based on opinions and differs from person to person (ie. you have areas where people say oh this is where the rich people live or the poor people or the middle class or this is the snobby area this is the industrial area. Where do all these areas end? )
118
One of the big things of globalization
the word distance; transportations , trade, and IT
119
Important set changes affecting human geography today
1) Globalization: Complexation subjects coming together in geography such as technology and airplanes and international corporations. It's much more significant part of globalization than colonization
2) COVID-19 let globalization down
3) People still live localized
4) Misleading because everything is global. Locals still matter. Distance does not become relevant
5) Activity space for most people; local still matters
120
Triggers of globalization
Industrial revolution 1750. Most profound revolution in history. It involved the large-scale use of new energy sources, especially coal, and the introduction of new machines that necessitated the construction of new machines. These factories generated urban growth, and industrial cities replaced many earlier forms of settlement. We live in the world with international trade
121
Transportation
1) Transportation has been developed to move things around the world. One way to move things around the world is water transportation. The global root: Seeing big conveyor ships that move around the world. They bring everything that you have, that is your bed and your kitchen, appliances, all the clothes you are wearing, computer, and your cell phone. They all came on a ship and on the boat. Water transportation
2) Sea blindness: You don’t see the ships, they are so far away. They also come into port at night. You don’t know that it is there. Our lives really rely on it in many different ways
3) Transportation is also a railway. Canada became a country because of the railway. In Canadian history, Canada couldn’t become a country until it had a rail line that goes from coast to coast, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Its true to Russia to some extent
122
Transportation: China
1) Built a new railroad from Beijing to Lhasa. Goes to 70,000ft of elevation. It's the most complex, sophisticated engineering railway in the world. It made travel so much easier. Beijing found the railway to be militarily and politically strategic about this railway. It's an engineering miracle.
2) Turnpike road: A road that is constructed and the upkeep is based on canals and it is an example of transportation of diffusion to make the world a lot smaller
3) Another interesting aspect of transportation is canals. When the canals were dug, the suez canal and the panama canal came out. The world became smaller. The Suez canal came in 1869 and the Panama canal came in 1914. They just become sea travel. The sea travel became much faster than railway
123
How transportation is about distance and it worked well together?
1) The importance of transportation. Bullet train. Bullet trains in China, Japan, and Europe
2) Road transportation. Huge because countries are building more highways and roads and more people have cars. Bridges are important because BC has more water such as Islands and lakes. Building bridges is a big deal. BC is impossible to get around so the solution is to build bridges and tunnels
3) Air transportation. Travels by airplanes. Containers are boxes that you put commodities and put it on ships, trains, and trucks, and it travels to many parts of the world. How shipping makes the world smaller and economy bigger
124
How to overcome distance trade
1) Globalization; make reference to trade. Trade has increased rapidly throughout the years because we are more trading than reproducing. It's Important because it allows us to enjoy the world's commodities.
Mexico likes maple syrup but doesn't have maple syrup. Mexico takes maple syrup and Canada takes the bananas from Mexico and trades it with syrup.
2) Trade theory: Comparative advances between the trade of Mexico and Canada. Regulated by terra., tax imposed by governments. Swerve to increase the price and makes the trade less comparable and decibel. Chapter to get machinery in China. Due to cheap labor in China, Canada puts a Terra in machinery to make the machine in China more expensive because its a tax and encourages Canadian production
125
Globalization WTO
1) Promotes global multilateral free trade. It ensures that there is more trade and tried to reduce tariffs so that fewer tariffs are fewer trade
2) More or less groups of countries that have a lot of trade with each other such as NAFTA consisting of Canada, Mexico, and the USA that was established in 1994. They should trade more than ever. (ASEAN) Southeast Asia wants to trade extra commodities with each other. European Union a good example of a trading block
126
Transnational
1) A big multinational corporation that has headquarters in one country but operations in many other countries. Transnational corporations become very big and their revenues compared to other countries such as Walmart and Belgium are both the same size economically. Walmart is bigger than Norway. Xon mobile is an oil company, Shell, an oil company bigger than Denmark. Egypt is smaller than TOYOTA
2) Multinational corporations such as FDI are huge. Multinational corporations invest in foreign countries such as setting up factories in China or factories in Vietnam.
3) International division of labor: The idea that we could take advantage of labor in China, Indonesia or some other countries. Extensive labor in Japan and the USA. The cheap labor is in places where one country has a lot of international divisions of labor where they take advantage of cheap female labor, producing textiles and garments such as Bangladesh.
127
Overcoming distance in transportation
1) Trade
2) Transportation
3) Transnational
4) Information such as social media , technologies, cellphone, texting, and the internet
5) Digital divided; This technology doesn't exist for everyone such as ICT.
6) Canadians living in rural areas don’t have as much ICT as Canadians living in urban areas.
128
Different types of social media
1) Social media and ICP are used for revolutions and riots such as protests on the street. People would text and tweet to spread the protest to want more democracy and less repressive government.
2) Organizing a huge protest on the street. Social Media allows people to share their frustration but the government blocks access to social media.
3) Social media revolution and tension there. Riots when Vancouver Canucks lost the Stanley cup finals to Boston in 2011. How activism and democracy are used by the government as tools of social media to repress them. Concern about fake news and AI such as chat gpt. There is also risk in social media.
129
If debate is such a bigger topic, how do we analyze and measure it?
1) The world is flat because there is much improved communication and people, free movement, and money that everything is on the playing field.Globalization has made differences smaller because everyone has access to this and access to that of the same thing. Globalization has done an amazing job and is very successful.
2) Globalization may be pretty good one time “Retreat”. Meaning it's going backwards, sort of stall, it's even collapsing. It's even leading to more and more inequalities of the world and there are maybe some successes but there are even more failures in globalization. It failed to make the world a better place and rights. One of the points is the US decision to invade Iraq without the support of major powers, globalization is not happening during the war in Iraq. If there is globalization, all the countries of the world would care about it and be involved.
3) Globalization is exaggerated and that most people don’t really live in a global world. Most of the people are local. Distance still matters. Globalization exists but it is exaggerated or doesn’t exist.
130
What hyperglobalist, skeptic, and transformationalist say about globalization
1) Hyperglobalist says: Globalization is huge. There is more technology, capitalism, and human ingenuity. Capitalism has taken over. This is sort of pro globalization. Its real and it's a good force
2) Skeptic: You got to be careful. There is some globalization. But for the most part, anti globalization is a discourse proposed by powerful interests that benefit powerful people and rich people. But for the most part, globalization is not a good thing.
3) Transformationalist: It's good but we got to watch it carefully. We have to make sure that there is no digital divide, jobs are fair for everyone.
131
Measuring globalization: How do we determine globalization levels?
1) KOF index of globalization in Switzerland. Using it through the lens of economic, social, cultural, and political. It gives a weight or points like a point system such as charts to examine it. Which countries are the most globalized? Belgium, Austria, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and Denmark back in 2011. Number one in 2022 is Switzerland. Number two is the Netherlands, then Belgium, and Sweden. (Top four). Canada was number 18 in 2022. Those are the 200 countries.
2) One of things about globalization is COVID-19. COVID-19: Destroyed the economy. Globalization is resilient and bounces back quite well after the economic recession of 2008 and 2009. It also bounces back after COVID-19. COVID-19 will not kill globalization
132
Types of globalization
1) Global economic system:
2) Cultural globalization
3) Political globalization
133
Differences between internalization and globalization
1)Arms length similar to globalization like British and India
2) Globalization: Countries connected through transnational corporations. When a transnational corporation has a foot in each country, this is much more global now. We shouldn’t describe globalization as colonialism. Only when corporate enter into these are involved can we really speak of globalization
3)Bread of woods agreement. Created IMS, the world bank and allowed other countries with the USA. Even with the US. dollars. Allowed US to provide assistance in Europe to build itself back up after World War II.Focus with developed by using trade as foundations of globalization such as free trade. Provides more trade and free trade
4) Started with organization such as taxes and tareef then the WTO which is defined as a significant role of globalization
5) Globalization brings significant changes to the regional organization known as trading blocs which function as economic unions such as NAFTA. Trade is important in globalization
6) Collapse: When the Soviet Union in Europe fell when communism gave way to Capitalism. Thats really important because it opened the door for more trade or capitalism. China: Created a capitalist economic policy
7) Economic and cultural globalization;big ones Culture becomes more global and hemonized due to watch same movies and listen to the same music known as global cultural identity especially fast food places. This type makes the culture globalization. Known as placelessness
8) Placelessness: Areas that lack local identity. No distinction and it's all the same everywhere. Global boredom. Everyone has the same restaurants, clothes such as bluejeans. No global identity. A boring global identity repeated over and over again
134
Is globalization good or bad?
1) Many people have opinions on both sides. Some people say that globalization is the best thing ever. Some say it's not good at all. Its causing so many problems around the world
2) Opposing globalization: People who oppose globalization. People are opposing globalization because they ask the question: Who benefits? Not a lot of people benefit from globalization. Globalization may be good for some but not for everybody. Benefiting those few countries and private investors within the more developed world, where transnational corporations are based, at the expense of many, specifically working people, especially those in the developed world.
3) People who are looking too hard, are not to not getting pad, enough, you know particularly less developed countries, are making less than people who are managers or owners in corporations. Theritch countries continue to dominate trades and countries who are doing trades are making the most money and have advantages of the trades of the world.
135
What are the benefits of globalization?
1) Most of the benefits include in countries in east and south Asia, especially in China while sub saharan Africa and at least for a few years some countries that are formed in Soviet war have lost rather than gained.
2) While some Asian countries and European countries and even countries like India benefit from globalization. Africa might have missed a boat. They are really not even part of the global world. Obviously some Africa is increasingly becoming global. But for the most part, there are a lot of people left behind.
136
What are the aspects of opposing globalization?
1) Globalization is contributing to the ever widening gap between the rich and the poor. Certainly it is reasonable to suspect that those who are already richer in a position to dictate rules of the game, they maybe become richer at the expense of the poor
2) Another aspect of opposing globalization is exploitation of resources. This is a big deal. I think there are a lot of people who are concerned about environmental issues. A Lot of destruction of rainforest, pollution, and greenhouse gases because of globalization. An example would include: Globalization at its worst: The demand for cheap soy is destroying the Amazon
3) Something about globalization is interesting is that China is globalizing quickly because it is huge and its economy is massive. As more and more people move into cities and China, because of globalization, more factories, there is a smaller proportion of the world economy. More manufacturing industrial service than the manufacturing economy in China.
4) People in cities and China eat a lot of animal protein. That's true all over the world. Urban people eat more animal protein than rural people. In China, which is over 1 billion people, most of those people live in cities and they eat a lot of animal protein and they need soy. They need the soy to feed the cattle. To eat and feed not just the cattle, to feed the pigs, the hawks, the chickens, and the cattle. They are getting the Amazon, which is in South America, which is the greatest ecological service the world has ever provided.
5) Amazon rainforest, Brazil and Columbia. Other countries of the Amazon are destroying the rainforest and they are planting soybeans to grow soy to export it to China to feed the animals. This is terrible. There is a shadow.
137
The dark side of globalization
1) There might be job losses. Some countries as manufacturing employment goes to countries with cheaper labor, there is ecological issues
2) Organization called the world economic forum meets every year to discuss the world economy and they usually meet in Switzerland in a place called Bavois, Switzerland, and they talk about how the world is growing economically. Another organization called the World Social Forum which did exist up until a few years ago.
3) It was all about how to make the world better and fairer and that capitalism that drives globalization isn’t really the best method. That the fruits of progress of globalization needs to be shared among the broadest segment of society, not just in the hands of the few.
138
Supporting globalization
1) There are a lot of people who think that globalization is actually doing well for the world. They support globalization for business focused reasons. Usually, the person who we all think about at least people who are writing in the academic world and the media, a guy named Norberg who is saying that capitalist economic global world is actually doing really well and that there is a moral imperative that we have to allow countries all over Africa, Asia, and india to get involved in globalization as globalization is going to lift people out of poverty.
2) Norberg gives an example of a Nike factory where they make Nike shoes. The workers would walk to work and later they got richer because they were working in a global factory of exports and were on bicycles and then after bicycles, they were on motorcycles and scooters. And then they had better food and their kids were going to school and there was more gender equality and everything was better. The world was better with globalization according to Norberg. He says globalization is really a great thing
3) Johan Norberg, originally from Denmark, is a senior fellow at the Cato Institute and a writer who focuses on globalization, entrepreneurship, and individual liberty
4) Capitalism through a marxist land. Carl Marcs was the principle of critique of capitalism writing in the 1800s, observing what was happening in Europe. He hates that Capitalism is an interesting system and it's good but it needs to be managed very carefully. Capitalism could lead to the concentration of wealth in the hands of the few and it could lead to alienation.
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Alienation
1) A person is disconnected from their economic activity.
2) The idea is that capitalism is the only major economic system we have and we have to live with it. Capitalism might be sick and it needs medicine
3) Karl Marc’s book on Das Capital written in 1867 is a significant critique on capitalism. His focus is on workers being exploited under capitalism such as sweatshops that were around the 1800s are still around today such as Thailand.
4) Most of the factories in Thailand were dominated by female labor, cheap labor that was being exploited and that wasn’t being paid very well. Labor that was struggling with benefits, working overtime and not getting paid for overtime. Workers that were fired for small little indiscretions. If globalization is going to lean on capitalism, you have to be careful with capitalism because capitalism has the tendency to accumulate more wealth for the rich and exploit the core at the same time.
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globalization advances in technology
1) Mobile phones
2) Aeroplanes
3) Telephones
4) Internet
5) People and countries can exchange information and goods more quickly and in a less complicated way
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globalization comes from
Globe and means the worldwide coming together of countries and nations
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What are the advantages of globalization in companies' salaries and production
1) Both companies pay the same salaries and production costs they have the same customers use similar suppliers and sell televisions at similar prices in short the same conditions apply to both companies so far so good due to technical cultural and economic developments that have come about through globalization other companies which manufacture products under different conditions can now offer their products in country A to country B
2) A company from country B can sell televisions here at a lower price because they were produced for less their local firms super color and prophy TV have to react to withstand the competition
3) TV have to react to withstand the
competition and so the world grows
closer together and there is an active
exchange of goods between countries more
affordable products are available for
more people however not only does an
exchange of products and economic goods
take place but also of services
knowledge cultural Goods and even
languages all of these individual
elements are closely linked and influence each other
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The shadow of globalization
1) Intends exchange of goods people and the environment often suffer if a company decides to move production to an economically disadvantaged country people in industrialized countries lose their jobs at the same time job opportunities open up to many locals in the economically disadvantaged country many people in these countries work for very little money in comparison to those in industrialized countries therefore they often remain poor and more often they're not do not have sufficient insurance social insurance or health insurance cover
2) ecological problems such as climate change the use of aeroplanes ships and lorries to transport goods over international borders is constantly on the increase this causes more carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere which in turn is the main cause of global warming even national environmental standards are ignored this is a further cost factor in the worldwide international site competition which should be kept as low as possible to be attractive for a company there are therefore many sides to globalization which affect almost all aspects of life causing me to think that the chain of positive and negative effects will continue to grow further what's important is to realize that globalization itself is neither good nor bad it just depends how people deal with all the new possibilities in the future
