Unit 3 Flashcards
(38 cards)
Demographic transition theory: four phases
1) Phase1 (Pre-transition): World population: Where nothing changed for more than a thousand years. Birth rates are high, death rates are high so they offset each other.
2) Phase 2 (Early transition): aka “demographic trap” Begins when the death rate falls. The death rate falls but the birth rate remains high.
3) Stage 3 (Late transition): The birth rate falls. That means that something is happening: Maybe is a government policy like in China, better literacy, the Religion is changing(ie. The Roman Catholic Church is becoming more relaxed)
4) Phase 4(Post-transition): Industrial phase. Countries are fully industrialized and people don’t live in rural areas.
What are the population debates and policies
1) How many people can Earth sustain without depleting or critically straining its resource base? It’s really about the relationship between the population and the environment.How many people can planet earth really hold? Look at the population of 8 billion people. How many more could the planet earth hold?
2) Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834). He wrote an essay in 1798 or a book that is called the Essay on the Principles of Population. What he said very simply is that food that is what people need to live increases arithmetically which means that food will always increase arithmetically such as increasing one, two, three, four, five, and six. But population increases geometrically such as 1,2,4,8,16, 32,60,64.
3) That means what Thomas Malthus said, we are going to run out of food. It’s not just food, its resources. The debate of the relationship between the population and the resources
Two types of people who have studied Thomas Robert Malthus
Neo-Malthusians: People who share Malthus’s perspective-predict a population doomsday. Too many people and not enough food .
The Anti Malthusians: They say that the problem isn’t too many people. The problem is there is not enough equality that you gotta redistribute. There is more than enough food, it just had to be redistributed properly.
countries and their Population, policies, and programs
1) Population policies in official government strategies are designed to affect several objectives: Size, composition, distribution. Sometimes population policies are about moving people around the country, encouraging in another area of the country
2) Germany’s population is shrinking while Ethiopia is exploding. Germany needs to encourage higher birth rates by bringing more immigrants while Ethiopia needs to control their fertility.
3) China is the most amazing example of population policy since it had a restrictive family planning policy between 1979 and 2014 that allowed one child per couple. It’s an important strategy to prevent environmental decline or some increased climate change.
4) China became very educated in a very short time since Chinese literacy went up to extremely high levels, plus China became a much more economically powerful country. Chinese cities also became massive as more and more people moved to cities. China’s development between 1980 and now, all of them lead to reduced fertility.
5) China is dealing with a very serious aging policy. China gets older very quickly. Its very dangerous economic impacts of aging and their economy begins to slow down. There’s too much health care costs and not only the health care costs but also too much shrinking of bayesian fuel workers.
6) Female infanticide. If you are allowed only one baby, it’s going to be a boy, that’s the way people think. One child policy leads to more and more gender imbalances which means more boys than girls.
Two countries of the population, policies, and programs
1) Germany
2) Ethiopia
Tightening asylum policies in Europe post-2001 has led to:
1) Increased security concerns framing immigration as a threat
2) Reduced acceptance of refugees despite labor shortages
3) Rise of xenophobic parties in politics
4) Stricter border controls and laws against asylum seekers
Countries face several challenges with aging populations:
1) Shrinking workforce to support elderly
2)Increased healthcare and pension costs
3)Economic growth slowdown
4)Employment concerns
5)Need for social support services
6)Gender imbalances affecting younger generations
Social and economic factors influence age-sex pyramids by affecting:
Birth rates: Higher in poorer regions, lower in wealthier ones
Death rates: Better healthcare reduces mortality
Migration: Economic opportunities attract or repel populations
Dependency ratios: Economic productivity impacts support for young and old populations
How does net migration affect a country’s population?
It adds to or subtracts from the population
What are push factors that influence people’s decisions to migrate?
Shortage of food and war
What issues do Venezuelan migrants face when seeking refuge in other countries?
Xenophobia and discrimination from host countries
How has international migration been affected by citizenship and visa requirements?
They have increased the cost and complexity of international migration
What is the demographic equation used to calculate population changes?
P2 = P1 + [B-D] + [Im-Om]
What are intervening obstacles in the migration process?
Attractive qualities of a location between the origin and intended destination
What challenges do climate change refugees face when migrating?
Navigating unwelcoming environments and accessing limited resources
What is the significance of remittances in the context of migration?
The sending of money back home
How do economic opportunities influence migration trends in countries like India and China?
They are largely driven by disparities in regional economic opportunities
What are the main differences between emigration and immigration?
Emigration is departure from a location; immigration is arrival to a location
How do rural and urban populations differ in their likelihood to migrate?
Rural populations are more likely to migrate
What is Lee’s push-pull theory in relation to migration?
Migration involves push, pull, obstacles, and personal factors
How does the Hukou system in China impact rural-to-urban migration?
It restricts access to urban services, limiting migration
What historical events have influenced large-scale migrations such as colonization or wars?
Colonization and wars
What role does globalization play in migration patterns?
It enhances economic opportunities and international movement of people
What are some characteristics of circular migration patterns?
Involves repeated movements between locations
