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PSYC 363 - Developmental Lab > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of importance for the sources of knowledge for science?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Logic
  3. Intuition
  4. Authority
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2
Q

Psychological research aims to understand, explain, and predict behavior/thought through _______________.

A

observation

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3
Q

States that things have systematic causes and science looks for relationships between things.

A

Determinism

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4
Q

Refers to the fact that we interpret things in causal terms.

A

Natural Bias

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5
Q

States that empirical evidence drives theories and conclusions.

A

Empiricism

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6
Q

According to empiricism, theories are (and should be) revised based on _____________.

A

observations

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7
Q

Science values __________ observation.

A

objective

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8
Q

___________ observation is affected by personal experiences, opinions, etc.

A

Subjective

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9
Q

____________ observation is NOT influenced by personal experiences, feelings, etc.

A

Objective

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10
Q

Complete objectivity is not possible, but researchers strive to eliminate __________ and account for them when reporting.

A

biases

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11
Q

States that good theories are testable and can potentially be proven wrong.

A

Testability/Falsifiability

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12
Q

In order for a theory to be testable it must be ____________.

A

measurable

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13
Q

According to ___________, a good theory has fewer assumptions and uses simplicity to explain a concept.

A

Parsimony

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14
Q

The study of how people change physically, emotionally/socially, and cognitively through observation.

A

Developmental Research

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15
Q

Scientists are critical of ___________ and blind acceptance of ____________.

A

intuition, authority

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16
Q

Scientists evaluate ideas on the basis of __________ and results from scientific investigations.

A

logic

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17
Q

Scientists conduct ___________ investigations.

A

naturalistic

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18
Q

Scientific knowledge is _______, meaning there is always room for improvement and a possibility that theory is false.

A

tentative

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19
Q

__________ are the facts, and __________ are how we interpret the facts.

A

Observations, inferences

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20
Q

Refers to the fact that people tend to highlight evidence that supports their beliefs and ignore alternatives.

A

Confirmation Bias

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21
Q

During hypothesis testing, ___________ is used to formulate general statements on specific incidents.

A

Induction

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22
Q

Searching for confirmation to prove ourselves right

A

Positive Test Bias

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23
Q

Definition of a theoretical construct or concept stated in concrete/observable terms.

A

Operational Definition

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24
Q

________ should be clear, objective, practical, and repeatable.

A

Measurement

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25
Event, situation, or behavior that varies
variables
26
What are the three main kinds of variables?
IV, DV, Subject
27
Variables that researchers control
Independent variables
28
The responses of behaviors of individuals
Dependent or outcome variables
29
The individual differences in participants
subject variables
30
Categories cannot be arranged in any order from least to greatest
Nominal scale
31
Categories have a quantitative meaning, but spacing is consistent.
Ordinal scale
32
The spacing between values is proportional but there is no true zero
interval scale
33
an interval scale with a true zero point
ratio scale
34
Statistical analyses are chosen depending on the kind of ________.
scale
35
Different participants for each level of IV
Between-Subjects Design
36
Same participants do both levels of IV
Within-Subject Design
37
Differences in the scores on the DV
Variance
38
Differences in the DV that are caused by the IV in the study
Primary variance
39
Differences in the DV that are caused by anything else
Secondary Variance
40
A variable that is systematically related to both the IV and DV; impairs ability to establish causal explanation between variables of interest
Confounding Variable
41
Observe the same individual as they develop
Longitudinal study
42
Observe individuals who are different ages to compare age groups
Cross sectional study
43
Losing participants during the study
Selective dropout (attrition)
44
Study people who are the same age at different points in "history"
time-lag design
45
Selecting participants for a research study
Sampling
46
All individuals in a population have an equal probability of being sample
Simple random sample
47
Divide population into strata and random sample within each group
Stratified random sample
48
Convenience sampling does not specify the probability that any member of the population will be in the sample
nonprobability sampling
49
Most common sampling method
convenience sample
50
Has a study demonstrated what it claims to demonstrate?
Validity
51
Are the measures consistent/repeatable?
Reliability
52
Take measures two times and receive very similar scores
Test-retest reliability
53
a correlation coefficient that ranges from 0.00-1.00
Reliability coefficient
54
Can you obtain same results form a different (but comparable) sample and do the observations hold up when you change characteristics of the sample?
replication
55
Do the items correlate with one another?
Internal consistency
56
Do the items correlate highly with one another?
internal consistency
57
Tests whether all items correlate to determine if items correlate
Cronbach's Alpha
58
If you divide the items in half, scores on each half should correlate with one another
Split-half reliability
59
The agreement of observations made by two or more raters
Inter-rater reliability
60
Used to determine inter-rater reliability
Cohen's Kappa
61
Reliability is a ___________ but not sufficient condition for validity.
necessary
62
Can I infer the IV is really related to the DV?
Internal validity
63
Do the findings generalize beyond this particular study?
External validity
64
Real-world meaningfulness; measure may work well across studies and participants, but is it true to "real life"?
Ecological validity
65
Does the measurement (or manipulation) of the variable accurately reflect the underlying theoretical construct?
Construct validity
66
A variable not directly observable
Construct
67
Assignment of non-equivalent participants to groups being compared
selection bias
68
Systematic loss of participants
Selective drop-out
69
Effects of taking a test on performance on later test
practice effects
70
unintended changes in experimenters, observers, measuring instruments
instrumentation
71
Tendency of initially extreme scores to move toward the group mean upon retesting
Regression Toward the Mean
72
Behavior/results affected by being "watched"
Reactivity (Hawthorne Effect)
73
Study encourages participants to behave in a certain way
Demand characteristics
74
Participants try to confirm hypothesis of study
Participants Expectancies
75
Participants try to go against perceived demand characteristics
Participant Reactance
76
In 1947, the ______________ was adopted that introduced 10 principles, most notably voluntary consent.
Nuremberg Code
77
First unified effort of the medical community adopted in 1964 that contributed informed consent
Declaration of Helsinki
78
A result of the Tuskegee Syphilis study that led to the IRB
Belmont Report
79
An independent entity that reviews proposed research for compliance with ethical standards (review, regulate, and enforce research ethics)
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
80
For psychological research, the American Psychological Association (APA) publishes and updates the ______________
APA Ethics Code
81
What are the 3 basic principles of ethical principles?
Respect for persons, beneficence, justice
82
Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents and persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection
Respect for Persons
83
capable of deliberation about personal goals
autonomous
84
Making an effort to secure the well-being of participants by not harming them and maximizing benefits and minimizing harm
Beneficence
85
Fair distributions of benefits and burdens of research
Jusice
86
Examined how far people would go in obeying an authority figure, even when it conflicted with their consciences
Milgrim's Study
87
Not forced, coerced, or induced to participate, continue, or complete study
Voluntary consent
88
Some lack of or diminished choice as a requisite to something else not directly related
forced
89
unfairly persuaded; usually caused by imbalanced of power
coerced
90
influenced based on the circumstances; often monetary or other study benefits
induced
91
Potential participants should be told about the purpose of the study, risks and benefits of participation, and their rights to refuse or terminate participation
informed consent
92
Not including all the information about the study in the description beforehand
Incomplete Disclosure
93
Actively saying the study is about something else
deception
94
Period after study during which purpose (or real purpose) is fully explained to participants
Debriefing
95
Some diminished capacity to give informed consent or at greater than average personal risk
Vulnerable
96
Verbal or written agreement to do the study
assent
97
Participant identity is not connected with date when reported (impossible to tell who it came from)
anonymity
98
participant identity and data never shared outside of the research team (e.g., intelligence scores, grades, mental illness)
confidentiality

PSYC 363 - Developmental Lab (3 decks)

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