Unit 1 Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
How does science rank order the sources of knowledge?
A
- Observation
- Logic
- Intuition
- Authority
2
Q
What is the most important source of knowledge for science?
A
Observation
3
Q
What are the four assumptions of science?
A
Determinism, Empiricism, Testability/Falsifiability, Parsimony
4
Q
States that everything has a cause
A
Determinism
5
Q
States the importance of observation
A
Empiricism
6
Q
States that a theory must be testable
A
Testability/Falsifiability
7
Q
A theory must be simple
A
Parsimony
8
Q
What are the different steps of the scientific process?
A
- Identify a problem
- Gather information
- Formulate a hypothesis
- Design an experiment
- Record and organize data
- Analyze data
- Draw conclusions
9
Q
The __________ of a research paper consists of identification of the problem, the information gathered, and the hypothesis.
A
Introduction
10
Q
The _____________ of a research paper consists of the design of the experiment, how the data was recorded and organized, and the analysis of the data.
A
Method and Results
11
Q
The _____________ of a research paper consists of the conclusions.
A
Discussion
12
Q
People tend to highlight evidence that supports their beliefs and ignores alternatives.
A
Confirmation bias (Positive-test bias)
13
Q
What exercises can demonstrate confirmation bias?
A
Wason Card Task
14
Q
Definition of a theoretical construct or concept stated in concrete/observable terms
A
operational definition
15
Q
What were the variables of Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment?
A
IV: adult interaction with doll
DV: children’s aggressive behavior
Subject: Child’s age & gender
16
Q
What was the hypothesis of Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment?
A
Exposure to aggression increases aggressive behavior
17
Q
The ___________ variable is controlled by the researcher.
A
independent
18
Q
The ______________ variable is the response or behavior of the individual.
A
dependent
19
Q
The ___________ variables are the individual differences of subjects.
A
subject
20
Q
A __________ variable scale uses qualitatively distinct categories.
A
nominal
21
Q
What is an example of a nominal scale?
A
hair color
22
Q
A __________ variable scale has the same spaces between variables, but no true zero.
A
interval
23
Q
What is an example of an interval scale?
A
temperature
24
Q
A __________ scale has categories with quantitative meaning, but no consistent spacing.
A
ordinal
25
What is an example of an ordinal scale?
education levels
26
A ___________ variable scale is an interval scale with a true zero point.
ratio
27
What is an example of a ratio scale?
age
28
What are the 3 question you need to ask to determine which scale a variable is on?
1. Can you rank order the levels of the variable?
2. Are the levels equidistant?
3. Is there a true zero?
29
A ____________ design uses different participants for each level of IV
between-subjects
30
A _____________ design uses the same participants for both levels of the IV
within-subjects
31
What are the disadvantages of the within-subjects design?
Each participant spends more time in the study, possible order effects
32
What are the disadvantages of the between-subject design?
requires more participants, greater subject variability, possible selection bias
33
When certain groups in the population are systematically excluded or overrepresented.
selection bias
34
How can selection bias be prevented?
random assignment or matching participants
35
Change in participants' performance caused by the order in which conditions or treatments are presented
order effects
36
How can order effects be prevented?
counterbalancing
37
Varrying the order of conditions across participants to balance the effects of order
counterbalancing
38
the influence that one condition in a study has on the response to subsequent conditions
carryover effects
39
When should you use within-subject design?
When studying relations between variables
40
When should you use between-subjects design?
When the experimental condition makes "permanent change" to participants
41
Differences in the scores on the DV
variance
42
___________ variance is differences in the DV that are CAUSED by the IV
primary
43
____________ variance is differences in the DV that are caused by anything else
secondary
44
A variable that is systematically related to both the IV and the DV and impairs ability to establish causal explanation between variables of interest
Confound
45
What are some possible sources of confounds?
Subject differences, environmental differences, IV differences, measurement differences
46
The study of change over time
developmental research
47
Does age cause change?
NO
48
A ____________ design observes the same individuals as they develop
longitudinal
49
What is an advantage of a longitudinal study?
limit selection bias & secondary variance
50
What is a disadvantage of a longitudinal study?
selective drop-out
51
How are longitudinal studies and within-subjects design similar?
Both involve repeated measures on the same participants over time
52
A ____________ study studies difference age groups at the same time
Cross-sectional
53
What are some advantages of a cross-sectional study?
faster, easier
54
What are some disadvantages of a cross-sectional study?
selection bias, confounds with cohort effects
55
How are cross-sectional studies and between-subjects design similar?
Both involve comparing different age groups of participants at a single point in time
56
The NICHD Early Child Care and Youth Development Study examined how different types of ___________ and early life experiences influence children's ____________ from infancy through adolescence.
child care, development
57
The NICHD Early Child Care and Youth Development Study used a ______________ developmental design.
longitudinal
58
Losing participants during the study
selective dropout (attrition)
59
The change in a participant's behavior when they are aware that they are being observed or studied (Hawthorne effects)
participant reactivity
60
A generation of people who grew up at the same time
cohort
61
A ___________ design studies people who are the same age, at different points in "history"
time-lag
62
What is the main advantage of a time-lag design?
resolves age and time confound from longitudinal study and resolves cohort effects from cross-sectional study
63
Selection of participants from a population
sample
64
The defined group of individuals from which a sample is drawn?
Population
65
What are the 3 main sampling methods?
1. Simple Random
2. Stratified Random
3. Convenience
66
__________ sampling occurs when all individuals in a population have an equal probability of being sampled
simple-random
67
__________ sampling occurs when the population is divided into groups and random samples are taken from each group
stratified random
68
When individuals who choose not to participate in a study differ significantly from those who do respond
non-response bias
69
A technique used in research to ensure that smaller or underrepresented groups in a population are adequately represented in the sample
oversampling
70
Convenience sampling that does not specify the probability that any member of the population will be in the sample
nonprobability sampling
71
What are the 3 concerns of reliability?
1. Does the test produce the same results every time?
2. Are different questions on the same test measuring the same thing?
3. Are different researchers measuring the same thing?
72
What is the relationship between reliability and validity?
Reliability is a NECESSARY but not SUFFICIENT condition for validity
73
What are the 3 concerns of validity?
1. Is there really a relation between the IV and DV?
2. Are the findings generalizable?
3. Are we measuring what we intended to measure?
74
Refers to the extent to which a study establishes a trustworthy cause-and-effect relationship between the IV and DV
internal validity
75
Refers to how well the results of a study can be generalized to other settings, populations, and times.
external validity
76
Focuses on how well the study results generalize in real-world setting
ecological validity
77
refers to the degree to which a test, measurement, or study truly measures the concept or construct it is intended to measure
construct validity
78
Set of ethical principles established after World War II in response to the inhumane and unethical medical experiments conducted by Nazi doctors.
Nuremburg code
79
What is one of the key principles of the Nuremberg Code?
voluntary informed consent
80
A set of ethical guidelines and principles for conducting medical research involving human participants
Declaration of Helsinki
81
Unethical clinical research study conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service in Tuskegee, Alabama that aimed to observe the natural progression of untreated Syphilis in African American men
Tuskegee Syphilis study
82
A foundational document in the ethics of research involving human participants created in response to the Tuskegee Syphilis study
Belmont Report
83
A committee established by an institution to oversee and review research involving human participants
IRB
84
What are the 3 basic principles of ethics?
1. Respect for persons
2. Beneficence
3. Justice
85
What is respect for persons?
individuals should be treated as autonomous agents
86
What is beneficence?
Making an effort to security the well-being of participants not harming them and maximizing benefit and minimizing harm
87
What is the principle of justice?
Fair distribution of benefits and burdens of research
88
A _____________ is capable of deliberation about personal goals
autonomous agent
89
Not forced, coerced, or induced to participate, continue, or complete study; participants are told about the purpose of the study, risks, and benefits or participation, and their rights to refuse or terminate participation
voluntary informed consent
90
A document used to inform participants about the nature of a research study and to obtain their voluntary permission to participate in the study
consent form
91
What is an example of being forced to participate in research?
threat of penalties or punishment
92
What is an example of being coerced to participate in research?
offering excessive incentives
93
What is an example of being induced to participate in research?
false promises
94
Specifies the exact procedures or criteria used to measure a variable
operational defintion
95
A statement that there is no effect, relationship, or difference between variables in a study
null hypothesis
96
An alternative explanation that competes with the null hypothesis being tested in a study
rival hypothesis
