Unit 1 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
The smallest indivisible unit of all matter
A
Atom
2
Q
What are atoms made of?
A
Subatomicle particles:
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons
3
Q
Electrons move around atomic nuclei in specific regions called
A
Orbitals
4
Q
Orbitals are grouped into levels called
A
Electron shells
5
Q
How many electrons can one orbital hold?
A
2
6
Q
A substance that cannot be chemically separated into a simpler substance
A
Element
7
Q
Any substance that occupies space and has mass
A
Matter
8
Q
Four elements common to all living organisms (big 4)
A
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
9
Q
Six elements common to all living organisms (big 6)
A
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
10
Q
Number of protons in an element
A
Atomic number
11
Q
Number of protons and neutrons in an element
A
Mass number
12
Q
Different forms of an element that have the smae number of protons but a different number of neutrons
A
Isotopes
13
Q
Atoms fill their outer shells by stealing, donating, or sharing electrons with other atoms, creating an attractive force or
A
Chemical bond
14
Q
Is a molecule made up chemically bonded atoms from at least two elements
A
Compound
15
Q
Is the attractive force an atom holds over electrons
A
Electronegativity
16
Q
What two elements have to be in a molecule to classify it as an organic molecule?
A
Carbon and hydrogen
17
Q
Form when atoms lose or gain electrons
A
Ions
18
Q
Are formed by the electrical attraction between ions of opposite charges
A
Ionic bonds
19
Q
Are compounds that form between the ionic bonding of metal and non-metal elements
A
Salts
20
Q
Strongest chemical bond and require a lot of energy to break
A
Covalent bond
21
Q
When atoms sgare electrons
A
Covalent bond
22
Q
The time it takes for half of the original concentration of a radioisotope to decay back to its more stable form
A
Half-life
23
Q
Are formed when two or more atoms join together
A
Molecules
24
Q
Is a molecule made up of chemically bonded atoms from at least two elements
A
Compound
25
What elements is the backbone/skeleton of organic molecules/life
Carbon
26
What two elements will always create a polar covalent bond with other SPONCH elements
Oxygen and nitrogen
27
Electrons are unequally shared by the atoms and are attracted more to one nucleus than the other
Polar covalent bond
28
Polar covalent bonds have a
partial charge
29
Nonpolar covalent bonds have
no partial charge
30
If the electronegativity is greater than 0.4 than
It is polar
31
If the electronegativity is less than or equal to 0.4 than
It is nonpolar
32
Molecules with polar covalent bonds are called
Polar molecules
33
Weak attractions or interactions between molecules
Van der Waals interaction
34
A weak interaction occurrs between the S+ of the hydrogen from one molecule and the S- charge on the more electronegative atoms of another molecule is called
Hydrogen bonding
35
The S- portion of one polar bond or molecule can have a __________________ to the S+ portion of another polar bond or molecule
Weak electrostatic attraction
36
The hydrogen bonding of water molecules to other water molecules is called
Cohesion
37
The attraction force between water molecules and other molecules
Adhesion
38
Is the energy associated with movement of atoms and molecules in matter
Heat
39
Measures the intensity of heat
Temperature
40
One way that living things can use water to regulate temperature is
Evaporative cooling
41
Water loving (polar and ionic molecules)
Hydrophilic
42
Water fearing (nonpolar molecules)
Hydrophobic
43
The tendency of nonpolar or hydrophobic molecules to group together in the presence of polar molecules is called
Hydrophobic interactions
44
The more hydrophilic a molecule is, the more likely it is to be surrounded and dissolve into, or become ________ in water
Soluble
45
The capacity of a substance to withstand being ruptured when placed under tension or stress
Surface tension
46
Releases H+ ions
Acids
47
Releases OH- ions or remove H+
Bases
48
PH scale
0-6 acidic
7 neutral
8-14 basic
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Are specific chemical structures that display a consistent, predictable chemical behavior
Functional groups
50
Are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbons
51
Are large organic molecules composed of carbon skeletons
Macromolecules
52
4 types of macromolecules
Proteins
Nucleic acids
carbohydrates
Lipids
53
A repeating consistent subunit
Polymer
54
List the polymers
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
55
Most macromolecules are made from single subunits, or building blocks, called
monomers
56
Monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as by products
Dehydration reaction/ condenstaion reaction
57
Polymers are broken down into monomers. In this reaction a water molecule is used during the breakdown
Hydrolysis
58
-Are hydrocarbon molecules
-they are composed of numerous nonpolar covalent (C-H) bonds
-they are hydrophobic
Lipids
59
Are long chains of hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group
Fatty acids
60
When all the hydrocarbon carbon-to-carbon bonds are single bonds, the fatty acid is a
Saturated fat
61
Fatty acids have one or more double-bonds between carbons
Unsaturated fats
62
Unsaturated fat with just one double bond
Monosaturated
63
Unsaturated fat with more than one double bond
Polyunsaturated
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Are saturated fats solid or liquid at room temp.
Solid
65
Are unsaturated fats solid or liquid at room temp.
Liquid
66
Are modified diglycerides
Phospholipids
67
One glycerol and three fatty acid molecules are covalently bonded to create a
Triglyceride
68
What is the long-term energy storage in animals
Triglycerides
69
A fat in the trans configuration and is man made
Trans fatty acids
70
Are hydrocarbons that are composed of fused rings
Steroids
71
Are light-absorbing pigment hydrocarbons
Carotenoids
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Are simple aldehydes or ketones containing a backbone of carbon flanked by hydrogen and hydroxyl groups
Carbohydrates
73
The functions of carbohydrates
-Energy storage molecules (preferred energy storage)
- Structural components (carbon skeleton)
74
Four major categories of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
75
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose
Frutose
Galactose
76
Examples of disaccharides
Sucrose lactose maltose
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Examples of polysaccharides
Starch Glycogen Cellulose
78
What is sucrose made up of
Glucose and frutose
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What is lactose made up of
Glucose and galactose
80
What is maltose made up of
Glucose and glucose
81
All living cells contain the monosaccharide
Glucose
82
Condensation reactions bond monosaccharides together in
Glycosidic linkages
83
Long term energy storage for plants
Cellulose
84
Are macromolecules composed of amino acid monomers
Proteins
85
The 10 non-polar hydrophobic amino acids (no partial charge, no hydrogen bonding)
Glycine
Alanine
Valine
Cysteine
Proline
Leucine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Tryptophan
Phenylalanine
86
5 uncharged amino acids (can hydrogen bond)
Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine
Asparagine
Glutamine
87
3 polar positive charged amino acids (can hydrogen bond and ionic bond)
Lysine
Arginine
Histidine
88
2 polar negatively charged amino acids (can hydrogen bond and ionic bond)
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
89
Amino acids are linked by
Peptide bonds
90
4 levels of protein structure
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
91
Number of amino acids and order of amino acids
Primary structure
92
Regular, repeated patterns in regions of the polypeptide
-Influenced by hydrogen bonding between atoms of the amino acid sequence
Secondary structure
93
2 types of the secondary structure
a-helix and B-pleated sheet
94
Right-handed coil, common in fibrous proteins
A-helix
95
Two polypeptide chains aligned
B-pleated sheet
96
The specific folds and bends of a polypeptide that create its final 3-D shape
Tertiary structure
97
Sulfhydryl groups on adjacent cysteines can form a covalent bond called
Disulfide bridge
98
Results when multiple polypeptide subunits combine and interact. Many/most proteins display this, but not all
Quaternary structure
99
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed or transferred
First law of thermodynamics
100
The more energy transformations, the more amount of unusable energy
Second law of thermodynamics
101
Is the capacity to do work
Energy
102
Chemical bonds are a form of
Chemical energy
103
Bonds are formed and broken through
Chemical reactions
104
Is the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in your body
Metabolism
105
Process that breaks down large molecules into smaller molecules
Catabolic
106
Assembles small molecules into larger molecules
Anabolic
107
All living cells use __________ for capture, transfer, and storage of energy
Adenosine triphosphate (ATO)
108
Bonds between phosphates in ATP
Phosphoanhydride bonds
109
Most biological reactions progress slowly because there is an ___________ between reactants and products. This prevents reactions from progressing spontaneously, or in an unregulated means. This barrier is called the ____________
energy barrier
Activation energy (Ea)
110
Are any substances that speed up a reaction without itself being used up in the process
Catalyst
111
Uses energy in a reaction
Exergonic reactions
112
Releases energy during a reaction
Endergonic
113
Most biological catalysts are proteins called
Enzymes
114
Enzymes increase reaction rate by binding to the ________ at the enzyme __________
Substrate
Active site
115
Most enzymes end with
-ase
116
Most enzymes undergo slight shape or conformational changes upon substrate binding. This ______ mechanism can bring substrates together or create stress
Induced fit
117
Are inorganic ion (copper, zinc, iron, etc.) ionically bond in the active sites of some enzymes
Cofactors
118
Are organic molecules temporarily bound to the active site that are chemically changed during reactions
Coenzymes
119
Are organic molecules covalently and permanently bound to enzymes
Prosthetic groups
120
Bind to enzymes and increase their activity or turn them on
Activators
121
Bind to enzymes and decrease their activity or turn them off
Inhibitors
122
Refers to an interaction that doesn't involve the active site of the enzyme
Allosteric or non-competitive
123
Refers to an interaction that involves the active site of the enzyme (inhibors)
Competitve
124
Locks the enzyme down forever. Can not turn it back on
Irreversible inhibitors
