Unit 2

Question 1

Cells must accomplish two tasks to multiply

Answer 1

1. Faithfully pass its genetic material from one generation to the next
2. Access the genetic information to produce the proteins the cell needs to live

Question 2

4 functions of DNA

Answer 2

1. Stores all of an organism’s genetic information (blueprint for each organism
2. Must be precisely replicated in cell division
3. Expressed as phenotype-nucleotide sequence determines protein amino acid sequence
4. Is susceptible to mutation

Question 3

Building blocks of DNA

Answer 3

Nucleotides

Question 4

Two types of nitrogenous bases

Answer 4

Purine: Adenine (a), Guanine (G)
Pyrimidine: Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)

Question 5

3 parts of a nucleotide

Answer 5

1. Pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA)
2. Nitrogen-containing base
3. One to three phosphate groups

Question 6

Nucleotides are bonded together with _________________ bonds to form ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) macromolecules

Answer 6

phosphodiester bonds

Question 7

Nitrogenous bases are able to form ____________ bonds with other nitrogenous bases

Answer 7

Hydrogen bonds

Question 8

What are the base pairings?

Answer 8

A binds with T in DNA
A binds with U in RNA
G binds with C

Question 9

Two DNA molecules containing complementary bases can hydrogen bond along their length to create a ___________

Answer 9

Double stranded structure

Question 10

The sequence of each DNA strand can dictate the synthesis of a ____________ strand

Answer 10

Complementary DNA strand

Question 10

Due to the constraints of the base pairings, the two strands run in opposite directions AKA

Answer 10

Anti-parallel orientation

Question 11

DNA is wrapped around proteins known as ________ to form structures called ___________

Answer 11

Histones
Nucleosomes

Question 12

Is DNA replicated conservative, semi-conservative, or dispersive?

Answer 12

Semi-conservative

Question 13

Nucleic acids are synthesized by enzymes called

Answer 13

Polymerase
-DNA polymerase synthesize DNA
-RNA polymerase synthesize RNA

Question 14

Polymerase can only synthesize nucleic acids in what direction

Answer 14

5’ to 3’

Question 15

Polymerases read the sequence of the nucleotides on the exposed strand called the ___________ strand, and place the appropriate complementary nucleotide opposite of it

Answer 15

Template strand

Question 16

An enzyme called __________ unwinds the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs

Answer 16

Helicase

Question 17

Two ______________ are formed at the origin of replication and these get extended bi-directionally as replication proceeds

Answer 17

Replication forks

Question 18

___________ coat the single strands of DNA near the replication fork to prevent the single-stranded DNA form winding back into a double helix

Answer 18

Single-strand binding proteins

Question 19

___________ uses the energy provided by hydrolysis of ATP to unwind the DNA

Answer 19

Helicase

Question 20

___________ relaxes the building knotting tension created by unzipping

Answer 20

DNA gyrase

Question 21

Nucleic acids are synthesized by a large protein replication complex called a ________

Answer 21

Replisome

Question 22

Replisome recognizes and binds to the __________

Answer 22

Origin of replication

Question 23

DNA polymerases also require a ___________ to build off of, so a temporary short segment of nucleic acid, or ________, is made

Answer 23

Free 3’-OH
Primer

Question 24

Primer is an _________ molecule

Answer 24

RNA molecule

Question 25

___________ enzyme makes RNA primer strand

Answer 25

Primase

Question 26

Once a primer is in place, __________ starts synthesizing a new complementary DNA strand

Answer 26

DNA polymerase III

Question 27

The synthesis of one new strand (__________) is in the proper orientation for continuous addition of new nucleotides. The other newly synthesized strand (___________________) must be replicated in small segments (____________) which are later joined together

Answer 27

Leading strand Lagging strand Okazaki fragments

Question 28

_____________ replaces the RNA primer of previous Okazaki fragments with DNA, but leaving a small "nick"

Answer 28

DNA polymerase I

Question 29

_________ catalyzes formation of the phosphodiester linkage that joins the two Okazaki fragments

Answer 29

DNA ligase

Question 30

__________ mark the end of the information containing part of the chromosome, and help facilitate end replication

Answer 30

Telomeres

Question 31

Constantly dividing cells produce _______ enzyme that adds to telomeres

Answer 31

Telomerase

Question 32

Replication of circular chromosomes: -______ separates the two chromosomes -__________ adds additional twists, or __________, into the circular chromosomes to condense them, and make them smaller for easier storage inside cells

Answer 32

DNA topoisomerase IV DNA topoisomerase II Supercoils

Question 33

An organism's __________ is its complete set of genetic information

Answer 33

Genome

Question 34

The genetic information harbored in the genome is physically separated into ________

Answer 34

Chromosomes

Question 35

The specific DNA sequences that carry all the information necessary to specify a trait is called a __________

Answer 35

Gene

Question 36

Is the synthesis of a single-stranded RNA copy of a DNA segment (gene)

Answer 36

Transcription

Question 37

Is the process by which the information encoded in the RNA is used to make a polypeptide (protein)

Answer 37

Translation

Question 38

Hoy many chromosomes do we have?

Answer 38

26

Question 39

Single-stranded RNA can fold into complex shapes by ___________

Answer 39

Intramolecular complementary base pairing

Question 40

Three types of RNA

Answer 40

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 41

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the _____________, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of proteins.

Answer 41

Central Dogma

Question 42

-Transcription starts at the _________, a special sequence of DNA -___________ bind to specific sequences in promoter -____________ binds to form transcription complex

Answer 42

Promoter Transcription complex RNA polymerase