Unit 1 Flashcards
Global Tapestry (1200-1450)
1
Q
State
A
A territory that is politically organized under a single government.
2
Q
Governance: Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in the 13th century. This included _
A
the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized:
- traditional methods of Confucianism
- an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule
3
Q
Song Dynasty was in power when?
A
960-1279
4
Q
The Song Dynasty carried over a _ of Confucianism from the _
A
revival, Tang Dynasty (came right before Song)
5
Q
Neo-Confucianism
A
sought to rid Confucian thought of the influence of Buddhism which had influenced it significantly in the prior centuries
6
Q
Main idea of Confucianism
A
human society is hierarchical by nature, which is to say, there is a prescribed and proper order to everything = harmony
7
Q
Confucianism filial piety
A
emphasized the necesity and virtue of children obeying and honoring their parents, grandparents, and deceased ancestors
8
Q
Women in Song China
A
- relegated to the subordinate position:
1. Stripped of legal rights
2. Endured social restrictions (limited education, more elite circles made to endure foot binding)
9
Q
Reason for foot binding
A
Status symbol among the elite; a wife who could not walk, could not work (if wealthy enough, wife doesn’t have to work
10
Q
Bureaucracy
A
a government entity arranged in a hierarchical fashion that carries out the will of the emperor
11
Q
How did the growth of the imperial bureaucracy help the Song Dynasty maintain rule?
A
In order to get a job in the bureaucracy, eligible men had to take and pass a civil service examination (based on Confucian classics) SO bureaucratic jobs earned on the basis of merit (most qualified)
12
Q
Reality of civil service exam
A
Theoretically open to men of all socio-economic statuses, but in reality, to study for the exam required a man to be rich enough to not work and devote himself to study
13
Q
How did Chinese traditions influence neighboring regions? (Korea)
A
- used a similar civil service exam
- adopted Buddhism
14
Q
Buddhism (originated in India) Four Noble Truths
A
- Life is suffering
- We suffer because we crave
- We cease suffering when we cease craving
- The Eightfold Path leads to the cessation of suffering and craving
15
Q
Buddhism similarities with Hinduism
A
- Cycle of birth and death and reincarnation
- Ultimate goal = dissolve into the oneness of the universe (Nirvana)
16
Q
Theravada Buddhism
A
- Sri Lanka
- monks and monasteries doing their best to get enlightened (rest of the world too occupied for Nirvana)
17
Q
Mahayana Buddhism
A
- East Asia
- encouraged others to get involved in Buddhist practices
18
Q
Who were Bodhisattvas?
A
those who had attained enlightenment, who made it their aim to help others along the path to enlightenment
19
Q
New forms of Buddhism arose due to…
A
the increased interaction with various Asian cultures
20
Q
Song Dynasty cause of economic boom
A
- commercialized economy = money
- money = agriculture innovation
- more agriculture = more people/babies
21
Q
Song China Economy: 1. Commercialization of Economy
A
manufacturers and artisans began to produce more goods than they consumed, then sold excess goods in markets in China and across Eurasia
22
Q
2 most significant goods that the Song Dynasty traded
A
porcelain and silk
23
Q
Song China Economy: 2. Agricultural Innovations
A
CHAMPA RICE
- introduced to China from the Champa kingdom
- matured early, resisted drought, and could be harvested multiple times a year
24
Q
Song China Economy: 3. Transportation Innovations
A
- Expansion of the Grand Canal: facilitated trade and communication among China’s various regions
25
Confucianism included respect for and deference from
women
26
Chinese literary and scholarly traditions spread to
Heian Japan and Korea
27
Tibetan Buddhism
- Tibet and Nepal
- rich ritual life and deep philosophical teachings, gurus, mantras, mudras
28
The economy of Song China became increasingly commercialized while continuing to depend on
free peasant and artisanal labor
29
The economy of Song China flourished as a result of
1. increased productive capacity
2. expanding trade networks
3. innovations in agriculture and manufacturing
30
more Song China technological innovations
- steel and iron production
- textiles and porcelains for export
31
Judaism
- ethnic religion of the Jews (monotheistic)
- teaching of the Torah and rest of the Hebrew Bible
32
Christianity
- established by the Jewish prophet Jesus Christ
- life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ
33
Islam
- monotheistic
- Prophet Muhammad claimed to be the final prophet in the line of God's messengers
- salvation is found in righteous action: almsgiving, prayer, fasting
34
Wherever religions were practiced,
believers used those religious principles to shape their societies
35
Leading up to 1200, most influential Islamic state
Abbasid Caliphate: center of power in Baghdad, ethnically ARAB
36
By 1200, the Abbasid Caliphate had begun
to break up and lose its powerful position at the center of the Muslim world SO new Islamic entities arose (dominated by TURKIC people)
37
Dominant Islamic empires led by Turks
1. Seljuk Empire
2. Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt
3. Delhi Sultanate
38
Seljuk Empire
- established in the 11th century in Central Asia by TURKIC pastoralists (the Seljuks)
- Abbasids need help in territorial expansion, and keeping diverse population in line
- bring in the Seljuk warriors, they saw the weakness in Abbasid regime, fought with them, and set up their own empire
39
the Seljuk Empire did not entirely displace the Abbasid Empire, but rather it was
the Mongols, who sacked Baghdad in 1258
40
While Abbasids remained in power, to a more limited degree, claiming to be religious head of Islam, it was the
Seljuks who were now wearing the pants of power in the region
41
Turkic Empires: Continuity
1. Military administered their states
2. Established sharia law: legal code based on the Quran
42
Major cultural and scientific innovations coming out of the Muslim world
1. Muslim scholar Nasir al-Din al-Tusi made advances in math and invented trig
2. Advances in literature (A'lshah al-Ba'unlyyah)
3. Advances in medicine
43
Arab scholars mainly worked in
the House of Wisdom in Baghdad: time period becomes known as the Golden Age of Islam
44
Expansion of Muslim Rule
1. Military Expansion (Seljuk, Mamluk, Delhi)
2. Muslim Merchants (Empire of Mali converts for access to trade among Dar-al-Islam)
3. Muslim Missionaries (Sufis - mystical experience, adapting to local beliefs = spread easily = SOUTH ASIA)
45
Transfers
1. other Muslim scholars preserve the Greek moral and natural philosophy like from Plato and Aristotle by translating into Arabic and commentating
2. House of Wisdom in Baghdad
3. Scholarly and cultural transfers in Muslim and Christian Spain
46
Three religions that fought for dominance in South and Southeast Asia
Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam
47
_ remained the dominant religion in India, but _ became second most important and influential religion in the region
Hinduism, Islam with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate
48
In large parts of India, _ were in charge
Muslims, so it became the religion of the elite and then spread throughout Southeast Asia
49
Bhakti Movement
1. Began in South India as an innovation on traditional polytheistic Hinduism; devotion to just one of the Hindu gods
2. attractive to ordinary believers tired of Hindu hierarchies and sacrifices
3. Mounted challenges to social and gender hierarchies in Hindu India
50
Main religions competing for dominance in Southeast Asia
Buddhism and Islam
51
State building in India
Delhi Sultanate ruled much of North India, imposing a total Muslim state upon majority Hindu pop.
52
Hindu resistance against Delhi Sultanate Muslim
1. Rajput Kingdoms: collection of rival and warring Hindu kingdoms that had existed before Muslim Rule in northern India
2. Despite multiple attempts of ending one another, they successfully kept Islam at bay
53
Hindu kingdom that arose in South India as a counterpoint to Muslim rule in the north
Vijayanagara Empire, established 1336 because of a failed attempt of Delhi to extend Muslim rule to South (sent emissaries, former Hindus, converted back and established rival empire)
54
Many SEA sea-based empires made a name for themselves through interaction with
India and China
55
Sea-based Empires: Majapahit/Srivijaya Kingdom
- based in Java 1293-1520
- Buddhist
- one of the most powerful states in SEA
- maintained influence by controlling sea routes for trade
- began to decline once China starts to support its trading rival, the Sultanate of Malacca
56
Land-based empire, Khmer Empire
- founded as a Hindu kingdom, but at some point, leadership converted to Buddhism
- influence of the two belief systems in the structure of Angkor Wat (Hindu temple, Buddhist elements added after)
57
Buddhist monasticism
characterized by monks and nuns dedicating their lives to spiritual practice and service, played a significant role in the spread and evolution of Buddhism across Asia and beyond
58
What two places did the majority of Western Hemisphere population live?
Mesoamerica and Andean civilizations
59
Mesoamerica: Aztec Empire
- founded in 1345 by the Mexica people, huge
- capital Tenochtitlan = largest city in Americas before Eurs arrive
- 1428 = enter alliance with two other states and establish empire with aggressive program of expansion
60
Aztec Adminitsration
1. Elaborate System of Tribute States: conquered peoples required to provide labor and regular contributions of goods, food, animals, materials, etc.
2. Enslaved people played large role in their religion: many become candidates for human sacrifice
61
Andean civilizations: Inca Empire
- early 1400s, across Andean mountain range
- incorporated land and langs of older Andean societies
62
Maintaining power in the Inca Empire
- developed an elaborate bureaucracy
- rigid hierarchy of officials spread throughout empire
- Mit'a System
63
Incan Mit'a System
required all people under their rule to provide labor on state projects like large state farms, mining, military service, state construction projects, etc.
64
Aztecs were mostly _ in how they ruled while the Inca were _
decentralized, highly centralized
65
Current North America: Mississippian Culture
- around Mississippi River Valley because soil there is very fertile
- focused on agriculture
- large towns dominated smaller satellite settlements politically
66
Monumental Mounds of Mississippian
towns organized around
67
Largest burial mound
Cahokia, constructed by Cahokia people (part of Mississippian Culture)
68
Mesoamerica: Maya city-states
independent political units that developed in Mesoamerica, characterized by their unique governance, social hierarchies, and cultural achievements. Each city-state had its own ruler and was often centered around a ceremonial core featuring monumental architecture
69
Chaco
a special gathering place where many peoples and clans converged to share their ceremonies, traditions, and knowledge. Chaco is central to the origins of several Navajo clans and ceremonies
- highly researched today
70
Mesa Verde
Mesa Verde is a region in Colorado that is renowned for its well-preserved ancient cliff dwellings built by the Ancestral Puebloans, also known as the Anasazi.
71
Chinampas
artificial islands or raised fields developed in Mesoamerica, particularly by the Aztecs, for agricultural purposes on lakes and lagoons. "floating gardens"
72
East Africa: Swahili Civilization
- cities organized around commerce/trade along coast
- grow more influential as they became more involved in the IOTN
73
Swahili city-states
1. Politically independent with common social hierarchy: put merchant elite above commoners
2. Deeply influenced by Muslim traders: new langauge (African Bantu + Arabic = Swahili)
3. Muslim influence = rapidly became Islamic = more integrated into Islamic world of trade
74
West African powers
Ghana, Mali, Songhay
- growth driven by trade = become Muslim
- mostly elite members and gov. officials that convert while majority of the population held on to indigenous beliefs
- centralized
75
Hausa Kingdoms
- decentralized, series of city states
- common language and common culture
- trans-Saharan trade
76
Great Zimbabwe
- capital built between 1250-1450 : huge population
- grew b/c trade
- farming and cattle herding, but with increasing Africa + INTL trade through it = wealthy = mainly gold exports
- rulers and people NEVER converted to Islam but maintained indigenous shamanistic religion
77
Kingdom of Ethiopia
- grows because of trade, especially with Mediterranean and Arabian Peninsula
- Christianity
- hierarchical with monarch
78
Two types of Christianity in Europe
1. Eastern Orthodox
2. Roman Catholicism
79
Byzantine Empire
- represents Eastern half of what was left from once massive Roman Empire
- Eastern Orthodox
- declining severely by 1200, new state emerges that carries E. Orth. forward = Kievan Rus
80
Kievan Rus
- United into a common people after 988 adoption of E. Orth. Christianity
- plugged into trade in AfroEurasia
81
Western Europe
Roman Catholicism,
- split into a bunch of tiny decentralized states after fall of Roman Empire
- so, isolated from larger world of INTL trade
- linked every state in the region culturally
- church hierarchy of pope, priests, bishops spreads through Europe = significant power over society, culture, and politics Western Europe
82
Who also exerted influence in Europe?
Muslims and Jews
1. 8th century, Muslims conquer much of Iberian Peninsula = Al-Andalus
2. Jews live in small pockets throughout Europe and active in commerce, but anti-Semitism = kept on outskirts of Eur. life
83
Political Europe
- no large empires
- decentralization and political fragmentation
- feudalism
84
Feudalism
a system of allegiances between powerful lords, monarchs, and knights
- vassals receive land from their lords in exchange for military service
85
Manorialism
huge piece of land owned by a lord which is then rented out to peasants who worked the land
- peasants bound to the land and worked it in exchange for protection from the Lord and military services (SERFS)
86
Center of political and economic power in Europe was in the hand of
landowning lords/nobility
87
In Europe, after 1000 CE, change in power
monarchs began to grow in power and states became highly centralized = power of nobility declines (after several centuries)
