Unit 1 & 2 - Genetics Flashcards
(63 cards)
1
Q
Genes can
A
- Turn on and off
- Be decoded by ribosomes to build protein
2
Q
Each cells has
A
Exact set of genes turned on in diff type of cell
3
Q
DNA is made up of
A
- Adenine
- Thymine
- Cytosine
- Guanine
4
Q
Nucleotide
A
Phosphate group, carbon sugar, nitrogenous base
5
Q
Sequence
A
Order of nucleotides
6
Q
DNA is made by
A
- Splitting DNA w/enzymes
- Matching other enzymes (AwT and CwG)
7
Q
Gene
A
Segment of DNA molecule coding for certain trait
8
Q
Locus
A
Location of gene on chromosome
9
Q
Allele
A
One of two+ versions of genetic sequence in specific location on chromosome
10
Q
Homologous
A
Same structure and position
11
Q
Mitosis
A
Repairs/creates new cell & chromosome # is maintained
12
Q
Meiosis
A
- Creates gametes w/half chromosomes for reproduction (haploid)
- Results in ova/sperm
13
Q
Human Somatic Cells
A
- Diploid
- 23 maternal & paternal set
14
Q
Homologous Chromosomes
A
Chromoes that code for the same genes
15
Q
Sperms cells are made by
A
Spermatogonia in testes
16
Q
Eggs are made by
A
oogonia in ovaries
17
Q
Plants make
A
pollen and ovules
18
Q
Interphase I
A
Germ cell replicates DNA (92)
19
Q
Prophase I
A
- Homologous chromosomes link, condense to make tetrads
- Crossing over to exchange info from non-sister chromatids (genetic variation)
20
Q
Metaphase I
A
- Microtubules move chromosomes to metaphase plate
- Random assortment (genetic variation)
21
Q
Anaphase I
A
- Chromosomes seperate but sister chromatids stay together (46)
22
Q
Prophase II
A
- New spindle fibres form
23
Q
Metaphase II
A
Chrromatids line up
24
Q
Anaphase II
A
They seperate
25
Telophase II
Four haploid cells w/23 chromosomes
26
Meiosis for Egg Cells
- Meiosis I divides to makes a 2ndary Oocyte & 1 polar body
- Meiosis II divides making 1 egg and 2nd polar body
27
Aneuploidy
- Too many/few chromosomes from non-disjunction
28
Non-disjunction
Homologous chromosomes don't seperate
29
Turner Sydrome
1 x, no y
30
Kinefelter Syndrome
2 x, 1 y
31
Patau Syndrome
Trisomy of 13
32
Edwards Syndrome
Trisomy of 18
33
Deplication/deletion
Chromosomes exchange info incorrectly in cross-over by changing genetic info
34
Translocation
Transfer of DNA to wrong chromosome
35
Gene Y has
SRY gene to control testicular & sperm developement
36
Karyotype
Organizing chromosomes
37
Genetic Screening
- Taken from amniotic fluid, blood, bone marrow, placenta
38
1 x, no y
Turner Syndrome
39
2 x, 1 y
Kinefelter Syndrome
40
Trisomy of 13
Patau Syndrome
41
Trisomy of 18
Edwards Syndrome
42
Monohybrid
Mixing of one trait
43
Dihybrid
Mixing of two traits
44
Allele
specific form of a gene
45
Phenotype
Trait shown
46
Genotype
Actual genetic make up
47
Homozygous
Alleles are same
48
Heterozygous
Alleles are different
49
The Hybrid Ratios
- 3:1
- 9:3:3:1
50
Codominance
Expression of heterozygous alleles
51
Major Blood Types
- Type A, Anti B
- Type B, Anti A
- Type AB, universal recipent
- Type O, Anti A and B, universal donor
52
Incomplete Dominance
Heterozygous alleles blend
53
Sex-linked/x linked
- Recessive disorders found on X chromosomes
- Males more likely to express bc y gene doesn't protect
54
Pedigree Charts
Trace inheritance of trait in family
55
Charles Darwin Proposed
Species branched from common ancestors so evolutionary relatedness could be used
56
Phylogeny
Study of evolutionary relatedness between and among species
57
Clade
Taxonomic group that includes single common ancestors & all descendant
58
Pro & Con of Phylogeny
- Pro: relatedness through genetics
- Con: Takes time & money
59
Ancestral Characteristic
Trait/feature from common ancestor of a clade
60
Law of Segregation
During gamete formation only one of the two gene copies in an organism is distributed to each gamete
61
Law of Independent Assortment
Segregation of 2 pairs of alleles occurs independently
62
Burkitt's Lymphoma
Crossing over of 8 and 14
63
Sex Linked Disorders
- Hemophilia (no clots)
- RG colour blindness
- Male baldness
- Diabetes insipudus (anitduratic hormone)
- Menkes disease (kinky hair)
