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SBI3U1 - Biology > Unit 4 - Human Body Structures > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Human Body Structures Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Metabolism

A
  • catabolism (breakdown) + anabolism (building)
  • How long stored nrg –> working nrg
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2
Q

Factors the affect metabolic rate

A
  • Size
  • Sex
  • Age
  • Hereditary factors
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3
Q

Six Essential Nutrients

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Water
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
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4
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Organic compounds of C, H, O
  • Gives glucose
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5
Q

Proteins

A
  • Give enzymes not created
  • Built from 20 amino acids
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6
Q

Lipids

A
  • Triglycerids w/3 fatty acid
  • Saturated are solid
  • Unsaturated are liquid
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7
Q

Vitamins

A
  • Co-enzymes, joining specific proteins, facilite things
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8
Q

Vitamin C

A

Help repair wound, tissues cartilage, bones, teeth

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9
Q

Vitamin D

A
  • Help absorption of P * Ca
  • Deficiencies leads to rickets
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10
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic compounds lost through sweat & urine

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11
Q

Water

A
  • Composes 90% of blood
  • Transports nutrients, waste, regular body
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12
Q

Acessory Organs

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
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13
Q

Chemical Digestion

A
  • Breaks micronutrients into proteins, aminos
  • Stomach uses mechanical + chemical
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14
Q

Mouth

A
  • Oral Cavity
  • Hard & Soft Palate
  • Tonsils
  • Teeth
  • Uvula
  • Pharynx
  • Tongue
  • Saliva
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15
Q

Teeth

A
  • Incisors for biting
  • Canines for grasping/tearing
  • Premolars/molars for grinding
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16
Q

Saliva

A
  • Has amylase to turn starches into disaccharides
  • 0.75 to 1.0 L per day
  • Bolus
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17
Q

Swallowing needs (Esophagaus)

A
  • Coordination of tongue, soft palate, esophagaus, pharynx
  • Bolus forced by tongue
  • Epiglottis, soft palate closes to stop inhaling
  • Pharyngeal involuntary contracts into esophagaus
  • Gastroesophageal sphicter opens up
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18
Q

Stomach

A
  • Cardiac/gas sphincter
  • Serosa
  • Muscularis
  • Submucosa
  • Mucosa
  • Pyloric Sphincter
  • Duodenum
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19
Q

Serosa

A
  • Keeps in place
  • Fluid outside, less friction
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20
Q

Muscularis

A
  • Contracts to mix gastric juice, making chyme
  • Longitudinal muscle (up/down)
  • Circular muscle (sideways)
  • Oblique muscle (diagonal)
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21
Q

Gastric Juice

A
  • Pepsin & pepsinogen partially digests protein > peptides
  • HCL acid, kill bacteria
  • Intrinsic factors for B12 absorption
  • Secreted in cells, regulating glands
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22
Q

Submucosa

A

Nerves & Blood Vessels

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23
Q

Mucosa

A
  • Gastric juice (ensymes, acid, mucus)
  • Rugae (folds)
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24
Q

Stomach Habits

A
  • Absorbs H2O, glucose, ions, alcohol
  • Turns over every 2-3days
  • Heliocobacter pylori cause stomach ulcers
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25
Small Intestine
- Duodenum - Jejunum - Villi - Ileum
26
Duodenum
- 30 cm long - Bile (In liver, sotred in gall bladder) from bile duct for fat digestion - Pancreatic juice has amylase (breaks malose), trypsin (protein > peptides > amino), lipase (lipid > fatty acids & glycerol), bicarb (neutrilization)
27
Jejunum
- 2m long - Carbohydrase (dissaccharides > monosaccharides) - Peptidase (peptides > amino)
28
Villi & Microvilli
- Increase SA 2x & 600x - Epithelium 1 cell thick w/capillaries (blood), lacteal (lymphatic, absorbs fatty acids & glycerol)
29
Liver
- Removes Glucose - Stores as glycogen, amino acids for bile
30
Pancreas
Makes hydrolytic enzymes & alkaline solution
31
Peritoneum & Mesentens
- Membrane lining cavity - Membrane holding intestine together
32
Large Intestine Functions
- Reabsorb H2O, vitamins, compacts feces - Feces have H2O,inorganic salts, bacteria, dead cells, cellulose, fibre
33
Large Intestine
- Sphincter valve (btwn large & small) - Appendix - Ascending colon - Traverse colon - Descending colon - Sigmond colon - Rectum
34
Arteries & Arterioles
Travel away from heart
35
Hierarchy of Arteries
Arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries
36
Artery made up of
- Endothelium - Smooth muscles - Connective Tissue
37
Veins & Venules
Travel towards hearts
38
Veins are
- Thinner smooth muscles - Valves for backflow
39
Venules
- Smallest vein - Capillaries > vein
40
Varicose Veins
- More blood from age - Less elasticity
41
Spides Veins
- Valves stop working - Caused by hereditary & lifestyle
42
Heart
- Superior vena cava - R/L pulmonary artery - R/L pulmonary beins - R/L atrium - Semilunar Valve - Tricuspid - Papillary muscles - R/L ventricle - Aorta - Bicuspid Valve - Aortic Semilunar Valve
43
Atria
- Blood from veins - Thinner than ventricles
44
Ventricles
- PUmps blood to arteries - LS thicker than RS
45
Systole & Diastole
- Contracts - Relax - Cardiac cycle = S + D
46
Blood Pressure
- Measure of pressure against artery walls - Systolic (top) force when contracted - Diastolic (bottom) force when relax
47
Hypotension
- Not treated unless symptoms - Can be caused by hot tub (fainting)
48
Circuit Systems
- Systemic circuit (body, head) - Pulmonary circuit (heart, lungs)
49
Open Circulatory Systems
- Hemolymph - No true heart, vessels - Low BP
50
Closer Circulatory Systems
- Faster flow - Eliminates waste quicker
51
Blood Contains
- Cellular components - Intercellular matrix
52
Cellular Components
- Erythrocytes (RBC) - Leukocytes (WBC) - Platelets (clot)
53
Intercellular Matrix (Plasma)
- H2O (solvent) - Plasma proteins (albumins, globulin, fibrinogen) - Minerals, salts, ions
54
Red Blood Cells
- Have hemoglobin - Flexible - Macrophages in spleen for old RBCs
55
White Blood Cell Types
- Neutrophils for ingesting small bacteria - Lymphocytes for antibodies - Monocytes ingest foreign bodies (largest) - Eosinophils internal parasite - Basophils histamins, heparin (reduce clotting/fight infections)
56
Respiratory System
- Mouth - Nasal Passage - Pharynx - Epigolitis - Glottis - Larynx - Trachea - Pleural Membrane - Lungs - Intercoastal Muscles - Bronchi - Bronchioles
57
Gas is exchanged through
- Difussion - Not all O2 or CO2 diffused
58
Mechanism of Inhaling
- External intercostal muscles expand - Diaphragm flattens, decreasing pressure - Air enters lungs
59
Pleural Membrane
Frictionless stops rubbing against ribs
60
Vital Capacity
- Maximum voluntary capacity - VC = TC + IRV + ERV
61
Lines of Defenses
- Nasal hairs trap airborne particles - Mucus - Cilia - Sneezing - Coughing
62
Mucus
- Covers entire tract - Made by epithelium - Waterproofs - Increases for pathogens/allergens
63
Cilia
- Moves mucus towards throat - Sends unwanted pathogens to stomach
64
Sneezing & Coughing happens from
- Aggravated nasal muscosa - Coughing controlled by medulla oblongata - Building pressure in glottis
65
Pneumonia causes
Puss filled alveoli
66
Anterior
Toward the head
67
Posterior
Toward the hind
68
Dorsal
Upper/back surface
69
Lateral
Sides
70
Superficial
Close to surface
71
Proximal
CLose to
72
Distal
Far from
73
Pig Dissection Organs
- Epiglottis - Larynx - Esophagaus - Trachea - Lungs - Heart - Pericardium - Diaphragm - Liver - Stomach - Pancreas - Spleen - Small intestine - Menensary - Umbilical cord - Rectum - Anus

SBI3U1 - Biology (3 decks)

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