Unit 3 - Evolution

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

Driven by mutations (aleles, phenotypes) overtime in species

Question 2

Evolution causes

Answer 2

• Survival of the fit enough to pass on genes
• Creates variation, not all variations become adaptations

Question 3

Adaptation Types

Answer 3

• Structural (camouflage, mimicry)
• Behavioural (spider web, migration)
• Physiological, systemic response to specific environ (hibernation, venom)

Question 4

Mutations are

Answer 4

• +, - or neutral based on the environ
• Can occur spontaneously/mutagens (UV rays)
• Only passed on in gametes, if good it becomes selective advantage

Question 5

Natural Selection

Answer 5

Favoured mutations/adaptations by nature for better survival based on environment causing variation, competition

Question 6

Sickle-cell anemia

Answer 6

Change in hemoglobin making heterozygous alleles resistant to malaria

Question 7

Selective Pressures

Answer 7

Biotic (animals) & abiotic (environment)

Question 8

Artifical Selection

Answer 8

• Doesn’t improve fitness (ability to live & reproduce better)
• Can’t create new alleles
• Can causes health problems/disabilities
• Reduces diversity

Question 9

Monoculture

Answer 9

Same species of plane, causing lack of variety

Question 10

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Answer 10

Gaining new allele from diff species

Question 11

Transitional Fossils

Answer 11

Show organisms w/similarities to 2 groups

Question 12

Vestigial Structures

Answer 12

Useless structures once used by drive ancestor

Question 13

Biogeography

Answer 13

Study of how organisms distribute in world

Question 14

The way similar species spread out

Answer 14

• Location > environ
• Close environ over similar environ
• Close related species never found in same spot

Question 15

Homologous Structure

Answer 15

Same structure, origin but diff job

Question 16

Analogous Structure

Answer 16

Same job but diff origin & structure

Question 17

All living organisms use

Answer 17

• DNA, ATP and same enzymes
• Cytochrome C found in almost all organisms

Question 18

Gene pool

Answer 18

All alleles frequencies in pop

Question 19

Gene Flow

Answer 19

Movement of alleles from pop bc of migration

Question 20

Non-random mating

Answer 20

Mating pattern for particular phenotype/inbreeding (increasing homozygous genotype)

Question 21

Sexual Selection

Answer 21

• Favouring trait to enhancing mating success
• Causes sexual dismorphism (sex of same species have diff traits)

Question 22

Mechanism of Evolution

Answer 22

• Mutation in DNA
• Gene flow
• Non-random mating
• Sexual selection
• Genetic Drift
• Natural Selection

Question 23

Genetic Drift (Mechanism of Evolution)

Answer 23

-Way of changing pop through chance
- Founder effect
- Bottleneck (Fire, Floods)

Question 24

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Answer 24

Theory that large pops more likely to have constant allele frequencies over gens

Question 25

Types of Natural Selection

Answer 25

- Stabilizing selection (average) - Directional selection (one extreme) - Disruptive selection (both extremes)

Question 26

Reproductive Isolation causes

Answer 26

Same species to become distinctly different that they can't breed w/each other

Question 27

Types of Speciation

Answer 27

- Formation of new species (macroevolution) - Sympatric - Allopatric - Reproductive

Question 28

Prevention of Mating

Answer 28

- Behavioural Isolation - Ecological Isolation (Diff environ) - Temporal Isolation (TIme, SZN) [BET]

Question 29

Prevention of Fertilization

Answer 29

- Mechanical Isolation (Diff morphology) - Gametic Isolation (Sperm doesn't fuse w/gamete or can't survive in canal)

Question 30

Prevention of Hybrids

Answer 30

- Zygotic mortality (Doesn't develop) - Hybrid Inviability (Genetic incompability) - Hybrid Infertility

Question 31

Hybrid Breakdown

Answer 31

1st Hybrid sucessful but 2nd gen creates weak/sterile offspring

Question 32

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 32

Evolution of pop into diff speices in same region (from plant change, non rando mating)

Question 33

Allopatric speciation

Answer 33

- Evolution of population into diff species from region isolation - Adaptive radiation diversification of common ancestral into diff species (Darwin's Finches)

Question 34

Polyploidy from sympatric speciation

Answer 34

- Doubing chromosomes - Make fertile w/same species, not w/og

Question 35

Macroevolution & Microevolution

Answer 35

- Large evolution of new species & taxa - Change in gene frequencies

Question 36

Abiogenesis

Answer 36

Formation of life from non-living matter

Question 37

Theory of Gradualism

Answer 37

New species gradually get more distinct

Question 38

Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium

Answer 38

- Process of evolution is slow - Sometimes new species evolve quickly in evolutionary times - Speciation happens in small pop, leaving little transitional fossils - After initial start, added changes are slow

Question 39

Divergent Evolution

Answer 39

Differences btwn closely related population within species

Question 40

Convergent Evolution

Answer 40

Indep evolution of similar features in species of diff period

Question 41

Parallel Evolution

Answer 41

Same development of trait bc of pressure, not closely related

Question 42

Founder's Effect

Answer 42

- Type of allopatric speciation - Small isolated population start new isolated pop