Unit 1 Flashcards
(147 cards)
0
Q
What is the anatomical name for the breastbone?
A
Sternum
1
Q
What is the anatomical name for the skull?
A
Cranium
2
Q
What is the anatomical name for the kneecap?
A
Patella
3
Q
What is the anatomical name for the shinbone?
A
Tibia
4
Q
What is the anatomical name for the shoulder blade?
A
Scapula
5
Q
What is the anatomical name for the collarbone?
A
Clavicle
6
Q
What is the anatomical name for the lower jaw bone?
A
Mandible
7
Q
What is the anatomical name for the upper jaw bone?
A
Maxilla
8
Q
What is the anatomical name for the thighbone?
A
Femur
9
Q
What is the anatomical name for the wrist?
A
Carpals
10
Q
What is the anatomical name for the tailbone?
A
Coccyx
11
Q
What is the anatomical name for the fingers?
A
Phalanges or digits
12
Q
What is the anatomical name for the backbones?
A
Vertebrae
13
Q
What is the anatomical name for the upper arm?
Spelling
A
Humerus
14
Q
What is the anatomical name for the toes?
A
Phalanges or digits
15
Q
What is the anatomical name for the none formed from 5 vertebrae?
A
Sacrum
16
Q
What is the anatomical name for the longer bone on the same side as the little finger?
A
Ulna
17
Q
What is the anatomical name for the shorter bone in forearm on the thumb side?
A
Radius
18
Q
What is the anatomical name for the group of bones that form the hip?
A
Pelvis
19
Q
The main substance in the body is_____ (__% to ___%)
A
The main substance in the body is water (70% to 85%)
20
Q
What are the 4 organizational levels in the body? (Order counts)
A
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Body systems
21
Q
From the organizational levels concept, how many cells are in the body?
A
75-100 trillion
22
Q
From the organizational levels concept, what are the function of tissues?
A
Similar cells grouped together to carry out one function
23
Q
From the organizational levels concept, what are organs?
A
Related tissues joined together and adapted to preform a particular task
24
From the organizational levels concept, what is a body system?
Groups of organs responsible for a series of inter-related functions
25
What is the definition of anatomy? Is it based off of structure or function?
Anatomy is a branch of science that deals with the structural organization of living things; how they are built and what they consist of. Anatomy is based off of structure.
26
What is the definition of physiology? Is it based off of structure or function?
Physiology is the study of basic processes such as reproduction, growth, and metabolism as they occur in within the various systems in the body. Physiology is based off of function.
27
What is the definition of exercise physiology?
It is a branch of physiology, with the important distinction that exercise physiologists concentrate their research on specifically how the body responds and adapts to the stress placed on it by exercise.
28
What is the definition of the anatomical position?
It is displaying the body in an upright, standing position, with face and feet pointing forward with arms at the side, palms facing forward.
29
What is flexion?
Decreasing the angle at a joint
30
What is extension?
Increasing the angle at a joint
31
What is adduction?
Moving towards the midline
32
What is abduction?
Moving away from the midline
33
What is internal rotation?
Rotating inwardly towards the midline
34
What is external rotation?
Rotation outwardly away from the midline.
35
What is circumduction? What are two examples in the body of where it takes place and why?
Circumduction is rotation in a circular motion, happening in the hip and shoulder because they have a ball and socket.
36
What is supination?
Lateral rotation of the forearm and hand
37
What is pronation?
Medial rotation of he forearm and hand
38
What is plantar flexion?
Pointing the foot downward
39
What is dorsiflexon?
Pointing the foot upward
40
What is eversion?
Turning if the foot inwards
41
What is inversion?
Turning of the for outwards
42
What plane and axis are involved in flexion/extension?
Horizontal axis and Sagittal plane
43
What plane and axis are involved in rotation of extremities/axial rotation?
Longitudinal axis and transverse plane
44
What plane and axis are involved in abduction/adduction?
Antero-Posterior axis and frontal plane
45
What does anterior mean?
Front surface of the body
46
What does posterior mean?
Back surface of the body
47
What does superior mean?
Refers to your structures being closer to the top of the body (excluding your arms and legs)
48
What does inferior mean?
Refers to your structures being closer to the lower part of your body (excluding arms and legs)
49
Does medial mean?
Towards the midline
50
What does lateral mean?
Away from the midline
51
What does proximal mean?
Towards the lower part of a limb
52
What are the three anatomical axis?
Longitudinal axis, horizontal axis, antero-posterior axis
53
What is the longitudinal axis?
North/south relationship to the anatomical position
54
What is the horizontal axis?
East/West relationship to the anatomical position
55
What is the antero-posterior axis?
Front/back relationship to the anatomical position
56
What is an anatomical axis?
Rotation of mussels and bone
57
What are the three anatomical planes?
The transverse plane, sagittal plane, and frontal plane
58
What is an anatomical plane?
relating to a position in space which meets up with an axis to make a right angle
59
What is a transverse plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior segments
60
What is the sagittal plane?
Divides the body into medial and lateral segments
61
What is the frontal plane?
Divides the body into anterior and posterior segmenta
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What is the definition of anatomy?
Structural organization of the body and its organs
63
What is the definition of physiology?
Reproduction, growth and metabolism
64
What is the definition of extension?
Straightening a joint to increase the angle
65
What is the definition of supination?
Lateral rotation of the hand and forearm
66
What is the definition of pronation?
Medial rotation of the hand and forearm
67
What is the definition of dorsiflexon?
Decreases the angle between foot and lower leg
68
What is the definition of elevation?
Raising up to a more superior position
69
What is the definition of flexion?
Opposite movement of extension
70
What is the definition of superficial?
On or close to the surface of the body
71
What is the definition of ventral?
Towards the front
72
What is the definition of dorsal?
Towards the back
73
How many bones are in the human skeleton?
Approximately 206 bones
74
What are the two parts of the skeleton?
The axial skeleton, and is the Appendicular skeleton
75
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
Approximately 80 bones
76
What are the main bones in the axial skeleton?
The scull, spine, and the rib cage
77
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
Approximately 216 bones
78
What are the main bones of the appendicular skeleton?
The shoulder, pelvis, scapula, clavicles, humorous, sacrum, in femur (appendages)
79
What are the 5 main functions of the skeleton?
Structural support, protection, growth center for cells, reservoir for minerals, and movement
80
The Greek word "skeletal" is derived from the Greek word.....?
The Greek word "skeletal" is derived from the Greek word "skeletos" meaning dried up
81
What are the five main types of bone?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones
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where are long bones found?
They are found in the arms and legs
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Where are short bones found?
Most common in the wrists and ankles
84
Where are flat bones found?
The roof of the skull
85
Where are irregular bones found?
Vertebrate
86
Where are sesamoid bones found? What do they look like and what is their function?
An example is the patella, a flat small bone wrapped with tendons to help movement
87
What is epiphysis in the long bone?
The end of a long bone (cancellous bone)
88
What is an epiphyseal plate on a long bone?
A cartilaginous plate located between the epiphysis in the diaphysis (they fuse with time)
89
What is cancellous bone?
Spongy bone, sounds near epiphysis and helps absorb stress
90
What is diaphysis?
Shaft of the bone, it is made of hard compact bone
91
What is compact bone?
This is the hard bone of the diaphysis, deposited in layers
92
What is articular cartilage?
Substance that lines terminal portion of epiphysis where bone meets
93
What is periosteum?
Fibers shealth around the bone providing nourishment, develops bone cells
94
What is the medullary cavity?
Something that is responsible for red blood cell production, bone marrow
95
Define ossification.
The general process by which new bone is produced is referred to as ossification (or osteogenesis)
96
Outline three ways in which bone disease occur.
Abnormal stress on bones, metabolism in growth, infectious organisms, (Can also be inherited)
97
Explain how stress fractures occur.
When muscles come too fatigued to absorb shock placed on them, the overstressed muscle transfers the impact to the bone
98
How can a person delaying the onset of osteoporosis?
Building strong bones during childhood, balanced diet, weight bearing exercises, a healthy lifestyle, and bone density testing
99
In the context of fractures, what is a direct force?
The bone is broken at the site of the force
100
In context to fractures, what is an indirect force?
Force is inflicted at a distance from the resulting fracture
101
In the context of fractures, what is an avulsion?
A portion of the bone is pulled off by the attached muscle, tendon, or ligament
102
What is the spiral fracture?
twisted
103
What is a comminuted fracture?
Shattered
104
What is a transverse fracture?
Clean and straight
105
What is a greenstick fracture?
Partial
106
What is an oblique fracture?
Wide angle
107
What are tendons?
Structures that attach muscle to bone, composed of fibers called collagen
108
What are skeletal muscles
Voluntary muscles attached to bones by tendons or other tissue
109
What are cardiac muscles?
In the heart, pumps blood to body from heart, forms wall of heart, involuntary
110
What are smooth muscles?
Surround internal organs, blood vessels in digestive tract, contracts lower than skeletal muscles but can remain contracted for longer, involuntary
111
What is a muscle twitch?
Single nerve impulses with the results and contraction of a twitch
112
What is the all or none principle?
Motor units are stimulated to contract to their fullest potential
113
What are abductor muscles?
Move the limbs outward from the median plane
114
What are adductor muscles?
Squeeze the limbs towards the median plane
115
What are extensor muscles?
Extend the limbs and increase the angle between two limbs
116
What are flexor muscles?
With draw the limbs and there by decrease the angle between bones on two sides of a joint
117
What is an agonist muscle?
Primarily responsible for movement of a body part
118
What is an antagonist muscle?
Counteracts the agonist, strengthening when the agonist muscle contracts
119
What is the definition of origin?
Where muscle attaches to stationary bone
120
What is the definition of insertion?
Where muscle attaches to most moved bone
121
What is the definition of isotonic exercise?
Controlled shortening of muscle
| Dumbbells/barbell training
122
What is the definition of isometric exercise
Maintain constant length of muscle (pressing arm against wall)
123
What is the definition of isokinetic exercise?
Machines control speed of muscle contraction
124
What is the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?
Overlapping of the actin and miosin filaments, causes sarcomere to contract
125
What is the definition of adenosine triphosphate? (ATP)
Common energy molecule for all living things, captures chemical energy from the breakdown of food in used to fuel cellular processes
126
What is the definition of muscle atrophy?
When muscle isn't exercised, shrinking of muscle size and length because of malnutrition or disease
127
What is the definition of hyperplasia?
Fiber splitting
128
How many muscles are in the body?
There are 650 muscles in the body
129
What are the three main types of muscle?
Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
130
What is the definition of smooth muscle?
Long, spindle, found in walls of organs, and involuntary
131
What is the definition of cardiac muscle?
Heart, contract spontaneously
132
What is the definition of skeletal muscle?
Striated, usually attached to bone by tendons and cross a joint
133
What is the origin and insertion of the biceps brachia?
Origin: scapula
Insertion: radius
134
What is the origin and insertion of the triceps brachia?
Origin: scapula and humerus
Insertion: ulna
135
What is the origin and insertion of the tibialis anterior?
Origin: tibia
Insertion: tarsals and metatarsals
136
What is the origin and insertion of the gastrocnemius?
Origin: femur
Insertion: calcaneus
137
What is the origin and insertion of the gluteus maximus?
Origin: ilium, sacrum and coccyx
Insertion: femur
138
What is the origin and insertion of your rectus femoris?
Origin: pelvis
insertion: tibiae via patella
139
What is the origin and insertion of the sternocleidmostoid?
Origin: sternum and clavicle i
nsertion: mastoid process
140
What is the origin and insertion of the deltoids?
Origin: scapula and clavicle
insertion: humorus
141
What is the origin and insertion of the pectoralis major?
Origin: clavicle, ribs and sternum
Insertion: humorus
142
What is the origin and insertion of the rectus abdominis?
Origin: symphysis pubis
Insertion: sternum and ribs 5 to 7
143
What are the three types of muscle contractions?
Concentric, eccentric, and isometric
144
What is a concentric muscle contraction?
Leads to shortening of muscle, motive force to move a body part
145
What is an eccentric muscle contraction?
Leads to lengthening of muscle, resistive force to resist movement of a body part
146
What is an isometric muscle contraction?
Muscle length does not change, acts to stabilize or fixate to a body part
