Unit 1 Flashcards
(161 cards)
0
Q
Physics
A
Helps understand rock structures and formations
1
Q
Biology
A
Helps study and understand ancient biological organisms
2
Q
Chemistry
A
Provides clues to geological material origins
3
Q
Mathematics
A
Defines geologic processors quantitatively
4
Q
Geology
A
Examine materials composing earth to help understand process that operate underneath us
5
Q
What aspects of geology affect people (natural hazards)
A
Floods
Earthquakes
Volcanic eruptions
Landslides
6
Q
Natural resources …
A
Oil and gas Metals Coal, uranium Gravel , sand Water
7
Q
What aspects of geology affect us in bc
A
Oil production -northeast bc/ off shre Water use- water quality, agricultural use Debris flows- Squamish highway Big earthquakes- vancouver Rock quarries- Sumas mtn Floods- Fraser river Metals and pollution-Britannia mine
8
Q
3 reasons y earth is hard to study
A
Processes occur slowly
2) earth is large
3) not predictable on local scale and human time
9
Q
Catastrophism
A
Rock layers fossils granite etc. we’re produced during catastrophes such as volcanic eruptions
10
Q
Static
A
Earth is quiet
11
Q
The forefather to understanding modern geologic ideas was sir…
A
James Hutton
12
Q
What theory did James Hutton develop
A
Principle of uniformitarianism
13
Q
Principle of uniformitarianism
A
“The present is the key to the past” - geo processes we see today have operated thru time
14
Q
Dynamic equilibrium
A
As internal forces push up, gravity and erosion are tearing down
15
Q
How olds is the earth
A
4.5 bya
16
Q
How does the earths age compare to the sun
A
Little younger
17
Q
What does the Big Bang refer to
A
Start of the universe 14.5 bya
18
Q
Where does the earths moon come from
A
Collisions spun off material = moon
19
Q
What would early earth look like
A
Ball of rock
20
Q
Solar nebula theory
A
Gas clouds condense into Sun and left over planets
21
Q
What has spritzer been able to show us
A
Looks thru the dust and sees in infrared
22
Q
When did out solar system begin forming
A
4.5 bya
23
Q
Protostar
A
Dust and gas collapse in in itself and rotation increases, the centre of mass heats up due to friction
24
What has to occur for an star to be born
Fusion
25
What elements are involved in making of a star
H+ + H+ ---> He2+
26
The Big Bang is begging of what
The solar system universe
27
How do heavier elements get created
Fusion
28
When a star blows up it is called....
Super nova
29
What date to all meteorites date back to
4.5 bya
30
How do planets form in the remaining disc of dust and gas rotating around the sun
Charged particles attract in zero gravity
31
When materials begun to collide together it is called
Acreation
32
What brings most material together
Gravity
33
What would happen to gasses and ice at inner planet range
Evaporate
34
What type of material condenses at high temperatures
Metallic Mercury
35
What is earths nickname
Godly lox planet
36
How was early solar system different from today
20 planets rambling chaotically
37
What is the theory of moons origin
Massive collision + reformation
38
2 differences in how igneous and sedimentary rocks form..
1) igneous from melt, sedimentary from solid
| 2) igneous forms from melting of lava, sedimentary forms by lithification, weathering, transportation and deposition
39
2 differences in how meta and igneous form
Metaphoric rocks are sedimentary rock morphed, igneous is from lava melt
2)igneous forms from cooling, meta from heat
40
Igneous ---> sediment
Uplift--> weathering--->erosion--->sediment
41
Metamorphic---> igneous
Melt---> magma--> Cooling--->crystallization
42
Sediment --> meta
Transport -->burial-->lithification --> sed-->heat/pressure--> recrystallize--> meta
43
Magma to sediment via intrusive igneous
Cooling-->crystallization-->igneous--> uplift--> weathering -->sediment
44
2 differences between intrusive and extrusive igneous
Intrusive is underground, extrusive above ground
| 2) intrusive is slow, extrusive is fast
45
Isolated pool of seawater leaves a salt deposit when it evaporates
Sed
46
Lava erupts and solidifies under the ocean
Igneous
47
A limestone is heated and recrytallizes into marble
Morohic
48
Magma underground cools and forms granite
Igneous
49
Calcium carbonate forms stalactites in a cave
Sed
50
Sandstone under a lava flow has recrystallized into quartzite
Morphic
51
What is the difference between a rock and mineral
Rocks contain minerals , minerals can not contain rocks
52
Y do minerals have regular crystal form
External expression of internal arrangement
53
Why is color unreliable
Inside may b different
54
What is streak
Minerals powdered form
55
What is luster
Appearance of mineral
56
What is difference between cleavage and fracture
Cleavage is clean cut
| Fracture is messy break
57
Why does particular mineral cleave rather than break
Breaks along the weak points
58
What shape fragment is produced when mineral has perfect cleavage
Cube
59
What is come out conchodial fracture
Messy break ex. Bone breaking
60
What is hardness of a mineral
Resistance of mineral to scratching
61
Earths internal energy comes from 3 sources
Impact energy
Gravitation energy
Radio actually be decay
62
Density of earth
Greater density toward the centre and less dense toward the surface
63
Molten material is called
Magma
64
Magma originates depths of
50-250 km
65
When magma is released
Trapped gasses also release and is now termed lava
66
Formed from lava at the surface are classified as
Volcanic rock
67
Formed from magma at depth are termed
Plutonic rocks
68
Volcanic rocks
Extrusive
69
Plutonic rocks
Intrusive
70
Magma consist of 3 components
Liquid portion called melt that is composed of mobile ions
2) solids are silicate minerals that have crystallized
3) volatiles which are gasses dissolved in melt (co2)
71
Magma is not everywhere under the earth
It is produced from partial melting of rocks in crust and upper mantle
72
Heat comes from
Friction
| 2) concentrated radio the be decay
73
Geothermal gradient is
Increase of temp
74
Role of pressure
Reducing pressure can cause melting
75
Pressure reducing commonly occurs at
Divergent plate boundaries
76
Role of volatiles where most common?
Subduction zones where ocean soaked crust is brought down into the mantle
77
Addition of gases
Usually water that cause rocks to melt
78
Bowens reaction series
Minerals crystallize in a systematic fashion
2) during crystallization the composition of the liquid portion of the magma changes
79
If a melt is low in silica and High in fe-mg
Mafic
80
Silica rich and low in fe-mg
Felsic
81
Felsic
Silica rich
Light
Lower gravity
82
Mafic
Silica poor
Dark
High gravity
Ex. Olivine
83
Coarse grained
Intrusive, big crystals, slow
84
Fine grained
Extrusive, small crystals, fast cooling
85
What is a mineral
Naturally occurring, solid, inorganic, chemical make up of crystal structure
86
What is a rock
Solid aggregate or mass of minerals
87
Crystal form
External expression of the orderly internal arrangement
| Ex. Halite
88
Polymorph
Two or more minerals with the same chemistry but different crystal structure
Ex. Diamond and graphite
89
Specific gravity
Does is feel heavier than average
90
Other special properties
Magnetism, reaction to acid, malleable, double refraction, taste, smell
91
Rock forming minerals are
Common minerals that make up most of earths crust
92
How many minerals have been identified on earth
4000
93
What are minerals grouped on
Chemistry
94
What is the most important and common minerals
Silicates (SiO)
95
Silicates
Compose of rock forming minerals
| 2) very abundant due to large amounts of silicon and oxygen in crust
96
The building block of all silicates
Silica tetrahedron
97
Silica tetrahedron
4 oxygen atoms surrounding a smaller silicon ion
98
Different structures that are created are
Single
Chain
Sheet
Frame
99
Common silicate minerals
```
Olivine
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Mica
Feldspar
Quartz
```
100
Clay
Result of weathering
101
Olivine
High temp & fe-mg , green , dark
102
Pyroxene
Single chain structure , 2 cleavages at 90
103
What is amphibole also known as
Hornblende - double chain structure
104
Mica
Sheets - one direction if cleavage - 2 types
105
Feldspar
2 directions of perfect cleavage
106
Quartz
Only silicate that is si & o - no cleavage
107
What are the most common minerals you will find in typical crustal rocks
Feldspar 51% Quartz 12% pyroxene 11%
108
How much percent of earth is silicate
8%
109
Contain co3
React with acid
Ex. Calcite
Carbonates
110
End in O
| Ex. Hematite
Oxides
111
End in S
| Ex. Galena
Sulfides
112
End in so4
| Ex. Gypsum
Sulfates
113
End in halogens
F,cl ,br,I
Ex. Halite
Halides
114
End in po3
| Ex apatite
Phosphates
115
Pure state minerals
| Ex. Copper, diamonds
Native minerals
116
Fractional crystallization
Early formed crystals settle out of melt and are isolated from melt by crystals settling on top
2) mafic rocks form in bottom
117
Assimilation
Meg a melts the surrounding country rock as pieces fall off and join the melt
118
Magma mixing
Two melts combine to form intermediate composition between them
119
Early formed crystals settle to the bottom of the melt and are isolated from the rest of the melt ...
Fractional crystallization
120
Could fractional crystallization cause initial Felix turn to magic
No, order on how crystals form and first stable crystals that form are mafic.
1500------------->600 cannot jump
121
Igneous rocks are classified on
Texture and minerals
122
Factors that affect crystal size are mostly due to
Rate of cooling
123
Slow rate
Fewer but larger crystals
124
Fast rate
Many small crystals
125
Very fast
Glass
126
Texture
Appearance of rock
127
Fine grained
Aphanite
128
Coarse grained
Phaneritic
129
Extremely fast cooling
Glassy texture
130
With no gas escaping the rock formed is termed
Obsidian
131
Gas escaping and creating frothing the rock is termed
Pumice
132
Large crystals surrounded by a matrix of smaller crystals
Porphyritic
133
Reasons of porphyritic
Minerals form at different temperatures
134
Huge coarse grained crystals
Pegmatitic
135
Escaping gas leaving holes in the rock is called
Vesicular
136
Fragments from volcanic eruptions encased in rock is called
Pyro clastic
137
Rock containing large pieces of pyro clastic
Breccia
138
Rock containing just ash
Tuff
139
Once magma cools and solidifies underground the general term for this feature is called
Pluton
140
Shape of plugins can be
Tabular or massive
141
Surrounding rock is
Country rock
142
Concordant
Parallel to country rock
143
Discordant
Cut across the country rock
144
Batholith
- largest, 100 km diameter, forms core of mountains
- high viscosity magma(slurpy),rises slowly, rising melts crust and push into dome
- silic , discordant
145
Stock
- same as batholic but smaller
- silic
- discordant
146
Senility
Pieces of country rock that been detached
- mafic,inter,silic
- foreign rock
- 1cm-->20m in size
147
Chilled margins
Smaller crystals at edges where in contact with country rock
- outside cool faster than inside
- mafic,inter,silic
148
Sill
```
Sheet like, along grain of country rock
-usually horizontal
-1m-->100m
-low viscosity, squirty, mafic
Concordat
```
149
Dyke
Sheet like crosses the bedding of country rock
- same as sill
- intermediate
- low viscosity
- discordant
150
Laccoliths
- curved top with flat bottom
- began as a sill but unable to extend laterally and created dome
- medium viscosity , intermediate
- concordat
151
Viscosity
Resistant to flow
152
Mafic
Rich in ferromagnesian minerals, flows easily, low viscosity, gasses release easier resulting in non explosive eruptions
153
Felsic
High in silica content , difficult to flow, Hugh viscosity, explosive Volpcanism
154
Composite volcano (strato)
```
20km wide 5km high
Slope 20-30 degrees (steep)
Made of lava and pyroclastics
High viscosity keeps sides steep
Silic and inter
Ex.cascade,rainier,Helens,baker
```
155
Volcanic dome
```
1km width 300m high
30-40 angle slope
Very slow extrusion of very high viscosity lava
Ex Helens
Felic
```
156
Volcanic pipes and necks
Pipes-connect magma to surface
| Necks-resistant vents left standing after erosion has removed volcanic cone
157
Shield volcano
```
Like a shield
5-10 angle
Non explosive
Large area
Mafic
Low viscosity
Basalt
Ex. Maura Loa
```
158
Cinder cones
```
Built from ejected lava
Occur in groups
Small size
Semi explosive
Distinct look
```
159
Fissure eruptions
Lava plateau
Lava from cracks
Mafic
Low viscosity
160
Caldera
Massive explosiveness
Eruption that results in a lake
Felix
High viscosity
