Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Geo 12 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

(113 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Mechanical weathering (4 types)

A

1) frost wedging -water expands when freezes
2) salt wedging- salt crystals expand
3) thermal ex and contraction-heats ex cools contracts
4) pressure release-pluton, erosion, exfoliation

AIDS chemical by increasing surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Abrasion

A

Rocks and minerals collide in a moving current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Biological weathering

A
  • Root growth

- Moss releases chemicals which break down rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Chemical reactions change

Important agent is water

Water dissolves and transports ions and molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Silicate minerals with water to form clay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dissolution

A

Soluble compounds dissolved

Produces caves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oxidation

A

Combine with oxygen to form an oxide

-forms rust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Spheroidal weathering

A

Angular boulders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stability at surface

A

First crystals to form are easier to break

Olivine easiest to weather, silicate structure simplest

Quarts hardest, crystallized closer to surface conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Erosion

A

The physical removal of material by mobile agents like water, wind, ice or gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Weathering

A

Breakdown of rocks to form sediments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mass wasting

A

Material moves down slop because of gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Factors that influence mass wasting:

A

Nature
Steepness
Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Angle of response

A

Max angle where u consolidated particles can rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the angle of repose increase

A

With grain size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What increases Susceptibility to mass movement

A

Loss of vegetation

Root systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Classification of mass movement

A

Dominate material, fluid content and velocity of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why does mass movement happen

A

More force moving down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Types of rock mass movement

A

Rock fall, slide and Avalanche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mass movement is based on

A

Nature of movement and material, velocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rockfall

A

Rock suddenly fall from steep slope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Rockslide

A

Rock sliding as a unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Rock Avalanche

A

Riding on air, biggest, caused by earthquake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Types of unconsolidated

A

Creep, earth flow, debris flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Creep
Soil moves downward at 1 to 10 mm a year
26
Evidence of creep
Curved tree trunks Building foundations shear and crack Power poles lean
27
Solifluction
Soil becomes saturated above impermeable below
28
Earth flow
Movement of fine grained material
29
Debris flow
Muddy flow of rocks | 100km hour
30
Slump
Slow slide of unconsolidated material
31
Debris slide
Rock and mud move as one in planes of weakness
32
Effects on stability
Slope - over steepened by erosion - forces raise land - dip of joint planes
33
Water
Means more instability Reduce friction Adds to the weight
34
Vegetation
Will increase stabity
35
Earthquakes
Reduce friction
36
Ways to reduce losses due to landslides
Avoid construction in areas Build in a way that doesn't make a slope unstable Water drainage
37
Laminar flow
Streamlines flow parallel without turbulent mixing
38
Turbulent flow
Streamlines cross causing turbulent mixing
39
Feather flow depends on
Flow velocity Geometry (depth) Viscosity
40
Where does laminar flow never exist
Surface water flows
41
River systems
Main factor in erosion of continents
42
Methods of erosion
Hydraulic action Abrasion Dissolution
43
Types of sediment transport
Suspended load - fine grained transported from turbulence Bed (traction) load - coarse grained transported on bottom of stream by rolling and sliding Saltation - intermittent jumps
44
Discharge
Width x depth x velocity
45
Measures of streams ability
Competence : measure of max size particle a stream can move Capacity: total volume a stream can move
46
Young rivers
Rapids Waterfalls Vertical erosion No flood plain Typical v shaped valley
47
Vertical erosion
River cuts through bedrock
48
Two main types of channel patterns
Meandering streams - single channel with sinuous pattern - most common pattern on flood plains Braided streams - interlacing channels - uncommon
49
Older rivers tend to erode
Horizontally
50
Variables that encourage braiding
Water discharge Large sediment load Often associated with rivers from glacial meltwater
51
Alluvial fans
Water erodes soil Streams widen and slow down suddenly at base of a mountain
52
Base level
Elevation at which a stream ends by entering a large lake
53
Incised meanders
Uplift resulting in entrenchment
54
Drainage basin
Area of land that funnels all water that go into streams
55
Boundaries of drainage area :
Divides
56
Drainage divide
Marks the edge of two adjacent drainage basins
57
Formation of sedimentary rock
``` Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition Lithification ```
58
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Formed from peices of other Rock Ex conglomerate Breccia Tillite
59
Siltstone
Gritty | Greater tendency to split
60
Claystone
Smooth
61
Shale
A siltstone that is fissile and easily breaks
62
Chemical sedimentary rock
Formed from a precipitate
63
Dolomite
Make up of calcium magnesium carbonate
64
Chert
Chemical precipitate of silica
65
Evaporites
Solution evaporates and leaves behind crystals
66
Coal
Formed from remains of land plants
67
Gypsum
Desert rose
68
Collection of prodded to form sedimentary
Diagenesis
69
Diagnosis
Sediment derived from weather (both Chem and a physical) Erosion, transport, deposition, burial Low temperature Low pressure
70
2 requirements for lithifaction
Compaction Cementation
71
Layers less than 1cm
Laminations
72
Varves
Light in summer | Dark in winter
73
Flute casts
Flutes are the scooped out section and the cast is formed when it fills with sediment
74
Trace fossils
Footprints
75
Paleoenviroments
``` Deposition Direction of wind Strength or enters of sedimentary bed The upside of sedimentary bed Life that existed and environment they lived in Climate conditions ```
76
Facies
Conditions that lead to a particular Rock type
77
Chemical sedimentary environments
Limestone, halite, gypsum form in salt water areas
78
Marine
Beaches, tidal flats, deltas, deep seas, lagoons
79
Continental
Rivers, deserts, alluvial fans, playa lakes, glacial areas
80
Transgression
Ocean advancing over areas that were once dry land
81
Regression
Opposite, land migrates further out in ocean
82
Transgression sequence
Carbonate Mud Sand
83
Growth of glacier
1.5 mya snow on mountains Recrystalize into firn Climate cools and there is a net increase in accumulation
84
Glacial advance and retreat
Snowfall adds to the glacier in the zone of accumulation
85
Ice sheet
Continental glacier
86
Col
A saddle formed by headward erosion of cirque
87
Pyramidal peaks
Eroding from at least 3 sides
88
Kettle lakes
Large blocks of ice isolated during recession Our wash material and till builds up around them The ice melts and fills the depression
89
Erosional process
Plucking
90
Glacial moraine
Not well sorted Not layered Not rounded
91
Ground moraine
Deposited over valley floor Ice meets the Rock underneath the glacier
92
Terminal moraine
Marks the furthest extent of the ice and forms across the valley floor
93
Eskers
Meltwater streams flow under glacier in tunnels After glacier melts a snake like deposit left to
94
Drumlins
Continental glaciers sometimes leave behind tear drop shaped formations
95
Fresh water
Less than 3 percent
96
Glaciers
3%
97
Underground water
1 percent
98
Lakes and rivers
0.0009 percent
99
Salt water
95%
100
Atmosphere
0.001
101
Biosphere
0.0001
102
Porosity
Percent void space in a rock or sediment Measure of potential columns of water that can be stored in a rock
103
Porosity various with
Cement and sorting, fracturing
104
Permeability
Ability of a material to transmit a fluid
105
Aquifers
Rock that holds and transmits enough water to be used as a source
106
Aquitard
Low permeability not useful
107
Aquiclude
Zero permeability
108
Types of aquifers (unconfined)
Unsaturated zone seprated from the saturated zone by ground water table
109
Water table
Top of saturated zone of ground water Level to which water will rise in a hole Level to which water will rise in an unconfined aquifer
110
Types of aquifers (confined)
Permeable is overlain and underlaid by a less permeable layer
111
Recharge area
Confined aquifer is recharged by infiltration
112
Pressure surface
Height to which water will rise in the confined aquifer
113
Septic tank
Holds solid waste and allows liquid waste to escape

Geo 12 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions